Applying Models of Behaviour Change (AQA A Level Psychology): Flashcards
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Who developed the 'stages of change' model, and during what research?
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Who developed the 'stages of change' model, and during what research?
Prochaska & DiClemente (1983), during a study into quitting smoking.
True or False?
Prochaska's model views overcoming addiction as a linear process.
False.
It is a cyclical process with some orderly progression through stages but also a lot of returning to previous ones.
What two insights is Prochaska's model based on?
People who are addicted differ in their readiness to change, and the usefulness of a treatment depends on the stage the person has reached.
What does the PMBC aim to do?
It identifies an individual's readiness for change and tries to get them to a position where they are highly motivated to change their behaviour.
Name the six stages of Prochaska's model.
Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and termination.
Define the pre-contemplation stage.
In the pre-contemplation stage the individual is not thinking about changing in the next six months, through denial or demotivation after previous failed attempts.
Define the contemplation stage.
In the contemplation stage the individual is thinking about changing in the next six months but remains ambivalent, aware of both benefits and costs.
In the preparation stage, the individual intends to change within the next but has not worked out how or when.
In the preparation stage, the individual intends to change within the next month but has not worked out how or when.
Why is the action stage important for treatment?
The individual has changed their behaviour within the last six months, and this is the point at which behavioural and cognitive treatments become effective.
Define the maintenance stage.
In the maintenance stage the change has been sustained for more than six months and the focus is on relapse prevention by avoiding situations with triggering cues.
What happens in the termination stage?
Abstinence becomes automatic and the individual no longer returns to the addictive behaviour to cope with stress or loneliness, so no intervention is needed.
Which behaviours was Prochaska's model designed to help with?
Addictions and problematic behaviours such as alcohol or drug abuse, overeating and smoking.
How does a smoker in the pre-contemplation stage typically think?
They feel they are 'only a social smoker' and 'could give up any time' they choose.
What might move a smoker into the contemplation stage?
Becoming aware smoking is a problem, perhaps after medical advice, while still valuing what smoking does for them.
What does a smoker do in the preparation stage?
Possibly after intervention from family or illness, they stop buying cigarettes, state their intention and plan how and when to stop.
How is the maintenance stage shown in an ex-smoker?
They have not smoked for six months, keep no cigarettes or lighters nearby and see themselves as an 'ex-smoker', though temptation remains when they smell smoke.
True or False?
Termination was part of the original 1983 model.
False.
It was added later by Prochaska et al. (1992); with smoking it may take years or never be achieved at all.
What did Prochaska et al. find about relapse?
Relapse should be normalised as likely during action and maintenance, and only 15% of relapsers return to pre-contemplation; the rest recycle to contemplation or preparation.
What did the Taylor et al. (2006) and Cahill et al. (2010) reviews conclude?
Stage-based approaches are no more effective than alternatives for treating nicotine addiction, so the overall research picture is negative.
What did Velicer et al. (2007) find?
A 22 to 26% success rate with PMBC for males and females of all ages, which compares well with other interventions.
What did Baumann et al. (2015) find?
In a randomised controlled trial with pre-contemplation alcohol addicts, staged intervention had no benefits over any other mode of intervention.
Why is the model's wide use a strength?
It shows practical application, with healthcare professionals matching interventions to the stage reached (Hashemzadeh et al., 2019).
How does PMBC improve on traditional 'all-or-nothing' views of recovery?
It emphasises the importance of time, treating recovery as a dynamic process with stages of varying duration that are recycled backwards and forwards.
Which factors does PMBC neglect?
Social factors such as living conditions and unemployment, and cultural norms, e.g., cigarettes still given out at social events in some cultures (Daoud et al., 2015).
What did Sutton (2001) point out about the stages?
The boundaries are arbitrary: planning to quit in 30 days is preparation, but planning to quit in 31 days is contemplation.
What did Bandura (1997) claim about the first two stages?
They are not qualitatively different, as the only difference is how much the person wants to change, which is a quantitative measure.
True or False?
Prochaska's model supports a deterministic view of addiction.
False.
It supports free will, recognising individuals make active, conscious decisions at each stage, unlike genetic or biological models.
How does PMBC combine idiographic and nomothetic approaches?
It is idiographic in acknowledging non-linear, individual recovery, but has nomothetic value as a general framework for structuring treatment.
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