Physical Chemistry

Atomic Structure

Fundamental Particles

Mass Number & Isotopes

Electron Configuration

Ionisation Energy

Amount of Substance

Relative Atomic Mass & Relative Molecular Mass

The Mole & The Avogadro Constant

The Ideal Gas Equation

Empirical & Molecular Formula

Balanced Equations & Associated Calculations

Volumetric Solutions & Analysis

Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Nature of Covalent & Dative Covalent Bonds

Metallic Bonding

Bonding & Physical Properties

Shapes of Simple Molecules & Ions

Bond Polarity

Forces Between Molecules

Energetics

Enthalpy Change

Calorimetry

Measurement of an Enthalpy Change

Applications of Hess’s Law

Bond Enthalpies

Oxidation, Reduction & Redox Equations

Oxidation & Reduction

Redox Equations

Kinetics

Collision Theory

Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution

Effect of Temperature On Reaction Rate

Effect of Concentration & Pressure

Catalysts

Chemical Equilibria, Le Chatelier’s Principle & Kc

Chemical Equilibria

Le Chatelier’s Principle

Equilibrium Constant Kc for Homogeneous Systems

Thermodynamics

Born–Haber Cycles

Constructing Born–Haber Cycles

Born-Haber Calculations

Enthalpy of Hydration

Entropy Change, ∆S

Gibbs Free-Energy Change, ∆G, & Entropy Change, ∆S

Electrode Potentials & Electrochemical Cells

Electrode Potentials & Cells

EMF of Electrochemical Cells

Commercial Applications of Electrochemical Cells

Acids & Bases

Brønsted–Lowry Acid–Base Equilibria in Aqueous Solution

Definition & Determination of pH

The Ionic Product of Water, Kw

Weak Acids & Bases; Ka for Weak Acids

pH Curves, Titrations & Indicators

Investigating pH changes

Buffer Action

Rate Equations

Rate Equations

The Arrhenius Equation

Determination of Rate Equation

Measuring the Rate of a Reaction

Equilibrium Constant Kp for Homogeneous Systems

Equilibrium Constant Kp for Homogeneous Systems

Kp Calculations

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity

Classification

Physical Properties of Period 3 Elements

Group 2, The Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 2, The Alkaline Earth Metals

Reactions of Group 2

Solubility of Hydroxides & Sulfates

Uses of Group 2

Group 7(17), The Halogens

Trends in Properties

Group 7(17) Redox Reactions

Testing for Halide Ions

Uses of Chlorine & Chlorate(I)

Simple Test-tube Reactions

Properties of Period 3 Elements & Their Oxides

Properties of Period 3 Elements & Their Oxides & Chlorides

Reactions of the Period 3 Oxides & Chlorides

Transition Metals

General Properties of Transition Metals

Substitution Reactions

Shapes of Complex Ions

Formation of Coloured Ions

Variable Oxidation States

Redox Titrations

Transition Metal Catalysts

Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solution

Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solution

Reactions of Metal-Aqua Ions

Identifying Transition Metal Ions

Organic Chemistry

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Nomenclature

Reaction Mechanisms

Structural Isomerism

Stereoisomerism

Alkanes

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

Modification of Alkanes By Cracking

Combustion of Alkanes

Chlorination of Alkanes

Halogenoalkanes

Nucleophilic Substitution

Elimination Reactions of Halogenoalkanes

Alkenes

Structure, Bonding & Reactivity

Addition Reactions of Alkenes

Addition Polymers

Epoxyethane

Alcohols

Oxidation of Alcohols

Elimination Reactions of Alcohols

Distillation of an Organic Product

Organic Analysis

Identification of Functional Groups by Test Tube Reactions

Testing for Organic Functional Groups

Mass Spectrometry

Infrared Spectroscopy

Optical Isomerism

Optical Isomerism

Aldehydes & Ketones

Aldehydes & Ketones

Reduction of Carbonyls

Nucleophilic Addition

Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives

Carboxylic acids & Esters

Hydrolysis of Esters

Acylation

Preparing a Pure Organic Solid

Aromatic Chemistry

Bonding

Electrophilic Substitution

Free Radical Substitution of Arenes

Amines

Preparation

Base Properties

Nucleophilic Properties

Nucleophilic Addition–Elimination

Polymers

Condensation Polymers

Biodegradability & Disposal of Polymers

Amino Acids & Proteins

Amino Acids

Proteins

Action of Anticancer Drugs

Organic Synthesis

Organic Synthesis

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

¹H NMR

¹³C NMR

Chromatography

Chromatography

Thin-Layer Chromatography

Column Chromatography

Gas Chromatography

Exam boards

• Edexcel International A Level (IAL) Chemistry

Study tools

• Oxford AQA International A Level (IAL) Chemistry · Past Papers

Related links

• International A Level (IAL) Chemistry · Revision Notes
• International A Level (IAL) Chemistry · Exam Questions
• International A Level (IAL) Chemistry · Past Papers