The Relationship Between Health & Fitness (AQA GCSE Physical Education (PE)): Flashcards
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Define health.
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Define health.
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Define fitness.
Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment.
Define ill health.
Ill health is being in a state of poor physical, mental and/or social well-being.
Name the health-related components of fitness.
Flexibility
Cardiovascular endurance
Muscular strength
Muscular endurance
Name the skill-related components of fitness.
Agility
Speed
Coordination
Power
Balance
Reaction time
Why do different people need different levels of fitness?
The environment places different demands on different people. Someone living a sedentary lifestyle has a lower fitness demand than someone living a highly active lifestyle.
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ well-being.
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.
How can ill health cause decreased fitness?
Poor health can result in an inability to train, which lowers a person's fitness.
Can a person increase their fitness while in ill health?
Yes. If a person is unhealthy but still able to train, their fitness can increase.
Why is the relationship between health and fitness described as cyclical?
Good fitness helps a person cope with daily demands, which promotes good health, which in turn improves fitness further. The same cycle works in reverse when health is poor.
How can overtraining affect fitness?
Overtraining can decrease fitness, because the body becomes more prone to illness.
True or False?
Being fit means you can never become unwell.
False.
Good fitness minimises the likelihood of ill health, but it does not remove the chance of becoming unwell entirely.
Define agility.
Agility is the ability to change direction quickly and effectively while maintaining control and balance.
Define balance.
Balance is the ability to maintain the centre of mass over the base of support.
Balance can be static, when the performer is stationary, or ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿, when the performer is moving.
Balance can be static, when the performer is stationary, or dynamic, when the performer is moving.
Define cardiovascular endurance.
Cardiovascular endurance, or aerobic power, is the ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to the body tissues during sustained physical activity.
Define coordination.
Coordination is the ability to integrate multiple movement patterns efficiently, allowing smooth transitions between different parts of the body.
Define flexibility.
Flexibility is the range of motion around a joint or group of joints.
Define muscular endurance.
Muscular endurance is the ability of the muscles to perform repetitive contractions over time without becoming fatigued.
Define power.
Power, or explosive strength, is the result of combining strength and speed.
State the equation for power.
power = strength × speed
Define reaction time.
Reaction time is the time taken to respond to a stimulus, for example diving off the block in a swimming race when the whistle blows.
Define strength.
Strength is the amount of force a muscle or muscle group can exert against a resistance in one maximal effort.
Name the four types of strength.
Maximal — the highest force exerted in one contraction
Static — force maintained over a period of time, e.g. a tug of war
Dynamic — force used for repeated contractions
Explosive — the same as power, for sudden movements such as jumping
Define speed.
Speed is the ability to perform a movement in a short period of time.
State the equation for speed.
speed = distance ÷ time
True or False?
Explosive strength and power are the same thing.
True.
Both describe speed and strength combining to produce sudden, powerful movements such as jumping.
Why does a football player need agility?
They need to change direction quickly while keeping good control of the ball when tackling, dribbling or scoring.
Why does a tennis player need coordination?
Hand-eye coordination allows them to accurately intercept the ball with their racket and return it to their opponent.
Why does a skateboarder need balance?
They must maintain stability to stay on the board while moving, particularly when tackling a descent.
Why does a marathon runner need cardiovascular endurance?
They must deliver oxygen efficiently and consistently to the respiring muscles to release energy over a long distance.
Why does a gymnast need flexibility?
They perform a range of shapes and moves that require a wide range of movement at the joints.
Why does a boxer need power?
Punching requires fast movements combined with strength.
True or False?
Every sport requires all of the components of fitness equally.
False.
Different sports rely more on some components than others, depending on the types of movement involved.
Name four reasons for carrying out fitness testing.
To identify strengths and weaknesses
To monitor improvement
To show a starting level of fitness
To inform training requirements
To compare against national averages
To motivate and set goals
To provide variety in a training programme
How can fitness testing motivate a performer?
Knowing their strengths and weaknesses helps them identify specific fitness targets for personal goal-setting.
How can fitness testing show whether a training programme has worked?
Results before and after can be compared to determine the success of the programme and to monitor improvement over time.
Name four limitations of fitness testing.
Tests are often not sport specific/too general
They do not replicate the movements of the activity
They do not replicate competitive conditions
Many are sub-maximal, so are inaccurate or unreliable
Some depend on the performer's motivation
Correct procedures must be followed to ensure validity
Why does a test not being sport-specific limit its usefulness?
The conclusions drawn about that individual's fitness may not be wholly representative of their ability in their own sport.
Why must fitness tests be standardised?
So that results are comparable to averages for the same component, and so the measurements are valid.
Quantitative fitness test results can be compared against national ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
Quantitative fitness test results can be compared against national averages.
True or False?
Sub-maximal fitness tests are more reliable than maximal ones.
False.
Many sub-maximal tests do not use direct measuring, which makes them less accurate and gives them questionable reliability.
Which four things does a testing protocol describe?
The facilities and equipment needed
The procedures to be followed — the tasks and rules
The measurements used to score the performance
How conclusions are drawn from the results
Which test measures agility, and how is it scored?
The Illinois Agility Test. It is scored as the time in seconds to complete the cone course — a faster time indicates better agility.
Which test measures balance, and how is it scored?
The Stork Stand Test. It is scored as the length of time the performer can stand on one foot without losing balance.
Which test measures cardiovascular endurance, and how is it scored?
The Multi Stage Fitness Test, or bleep test. It is scored as a level and bleep, for example level 6 bleep 3.
Which test measures coordination, and how is it scored?
The Wall Toss Test. It is scored as the number of successful tosses and catches completed in 30 seconds.
Which test measures flexibility, and how is it scored?
The Sit and Reach Test. It is scored as the distance reached beyond the toes in centimetres, which can be negative.
Which test measures muscular endurance, and how is it scored?
The Sit-Up Bleep Test. It is scored as the number of sit-ups completed before the performer can no longer keep up with the bleep.
Which test measures power, and how is it scored?
The Vertical Jump Test. It is scored by subtracting the standing reach height from the maximum jump height.
Which test measures reaction time, and how is it scored?
The Ruler Drop Test. It is scored as the distance in centimetres that the ruler falls before being caught.
Which test measures maximal strength, and how is it scored?
The One Rep Max Test. It is scored as the maximum weight lifted successfully for one repetition.
Which test measures speed, and how is it scored?
The 30 Metre Sprint Test. It is scored as the time in seconds taken to sprint 30 metres.
Which test measures strength, and how is it scored?
The Handgrip Dynamometer Test. It is scored as the maximum reading in kilograms during the grip.
Describe the procedure for the Illinois Agility Test.
The performer starts lying face down. At the signal they jump up and sprint the course, weaving around the cones as quickly as possible. A stopwatch times the run.
Describe the procedure for the Stork Stand Test.
Stand with hands on the hips, lift one foot to touch the inside of the opposite knee, then raise the heel of the planted foot and hold for as long as possible.
Describe the procedure for the Multi Stage Fitness Test.
Run 20 m shuttles in time with bleeps that get progressively faster, reaching the cone before each bleep, until unable to keep up.
Describe the procedure for the Wall Toss Test.
Standing 2 m from a wall, throw a tennis ball underhand against the wall and catch it with the opposite hand, alternating hands as quickly and accurately as possible for 30 seconds.
Which sports is the Sit and Reach Test well suited to, and why?
Gymnastics, dance and martial arts, because they need good flexibility of the lower back and hamstrings.
Why is the One Rep Max Test not well suited to a footballer?
Football places more emphasis on skill, speed and agility than on maximal strength.
The vertical jump test is scored by subtracting the standing reach height from the maximum ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ height.
The vertical jump test is scored by subtracting the standing reach height from the maximum jump height.
True or False?
In the Ruler Drop Test, a greater distance indicates a faster reaction time.
False.
The greater the distance the ruler falls, the longer the reaction time.
Define quantitative data.
Quantitative data involves numerical measurements or counts, such as time, distance, repetitions or level achieved.
Define qualitative data.
Qualitative data refers to descriptive observations or characteristics that are not easily quantifiable.
Quantitative data deals with numbers, whereas qualitative data deals with ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
Quantitative data deals with numbers, whereas qualitative data deals with descriptions.
Give an example of qualitative data in fitness testing.
Feedback on a performer's running form, or on their posture and balance during the Stork Stand Test.
Give an example of quantitative data in fitness testing.
The time taken to complete the 30 metre sprint, or the level reached in the Multi Stage Fitness Test.
Which fitness tests record their score in seconds?
The 30 Metre Sprint Test, the Illinois Agility Test and the Stork Stand Test.
Which fitness tests record their score as a distance?
The Vertical Jump Test, the Sit and Reach Test and the Ruler Drop Test.
Which fitness tests record their score as a number of repetitions?
The Sit-Up Bleep Test and the Wall Toss Test.
Which fitness test records its score as a level?
The Multi Stage Fitness Test, which indicates aerobic fitness based on progressively increasing difficulty.
Why is quantitative data compared to national averages?
To assess performance against peers or national standards
To identify strengths and weaknesses
To set realistic goals for improvement
How can fitness test data help a performer plan for the future?
It can be used to develop performance enhancement strategies and to set future goals.
True or False?
Qualitative data is objective and easily measured.
False.
Qualitative data is descriptive and subjective, so it is not easily quantifiable.
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