The Structure & Functions of the Musculoskeletal System (AQA GCSE Physical Education (PE)): Flashcards
Exam code: 8582
1/1070Still learning
Know0
- FrontIdentifying Bones
Define musculoskeletal system.
Was this flashcard helpful?
Cards in this collection (107)
Define musculoskeletal system.
The musculoskeletal system is an organ system made up mostly of muscle and an incompressible skeleton of bones, along with cartilage, tendons, ligaments and connective tissue.
Which bones are found at the head and neck?
The cranium and the vertebrae.
Define cranium.
The cranium is the anatomical term for the skull, found within the head.
The vertebrae are the collection of bones that make up the ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
The vertebrae are the collection of bones that make up the spine.
Which bones are found at the shoulder?
The scapula and the humerus.
Define scapula.
The scapula is the anatomical term for the shoulder blade.
Which bones are found at the chest?
The ribs and the sternum.
The ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ is the anatomical term for the breast bone at the front of the chest.
The sternum is the anatomical term for the breast bone at the front of the chest.
Which three bones meet at the elbow?
The humerus, the radius and the ulna.
Which bones are found at the hip?
The pelvis and the femur.
Define pelvis.
The pelvis is the anatomical term for the hip bone.
Which bones are found at the knee?
The femur and the tibia.
True or False?
The patella sits behind the knee joint.
False.
The patella sits in front of the knee joint.
Which three bones are found at the ankle?
The tibia, the fibula and the talus.
True or False?
The tibia is the shin bone at the front of the lower leg.
True.
The tibia is the shin bone at the front of the lower leg, while the fibula is the smaller bone at the back.
Define joint.
A joint is a point of connection between two or more bones.
What are the two main roles of the skeleton?
To support the body and to allow movement.
What type of movement do long bones enable?
Gross, or large-scale, movements such as running or standing up.
Give three examples of long bones.
The femur and the tibia in the leg, and the humerus in the arm.
What type of movement do short bones enable?
Finer, more controlled movements.
The carpals, metacarpals and phalanges in the hand are examples of ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ bones.
The carpals, metacarpals and phalanges in the hand are examples of short bones.
What is the function of flat bones?
To protect vital organs from damage.
Give two examples of flat bones and the organs they protect.
The ribs protect the lungs.
The cranium protects the brain.
True or False?
The shape and size of a bone has no effect on the amount of movement it allows.
False.
The shape and type of a bone determine the amount of movement it allows.
How does the skeleton allow muscles to create movement?
The skeleton provides a point of attachment for muscles. When a muscle contracts, it pulls on the bone.
At a joint, the bone ends are covered with smooth cartilage and held together by ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
At a joint, the bone ends are covered with smooth cartilage and held together by ligaments.
True or False?
All joints in the body allow the same range of movement.
False.
Different joint types allow different types of movement.
What is the role of tendons at a joint?
Tendons attach nearby muscles to the bone so that they can move the joint.
Name the six functions of the skeleton.
Support
Protection of vital organs by flat bones
Movement
Structural shape and points of attachment
Mineral storage
Blood cell production
How does the skeleton support the body?
The bones keep the body upright and hold all body parts in the correct positions.
Which type of bone protects the vital organs?
Flat bones, such as the ribs and the cranium.
Why is protection by flat bones important in high-impact sports?
In sports such as rugby or boxing, flat bones protect the vital organs from damage on impact.
How do bones contribute to movement?
Bones act as a point of attachment for muscles, which pull on them to create movement.
How can the shape given by the skeleton affect sporting performance?
It determines an athlete's physical build. For example, people with long bones in the arms and legs have an advantage in basketball.
Bones act as a store of minerals such as calcium and ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
Bones act as a store of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
Why is mineral storage in the bones important?
Stored minerals can be released when the body has an essential need for them.
Define bone marrow.
Bone marrow is the tissue found in the hollow centre of some bones, such as the femur, and is the site of blood cell production.
Which two types of blood cell are produced in the bone marrow?
Red blood cells and white blood cells.
What is the role of red blood cells?
They carry oxygen around the body for respiration.
What is the role of white blood cells?
They help to fight infection by destroying pathogens.
True or False?
Only flat bones contain bone marrow.
False.
Some long bones, such as the femur, have hollow centres that contain bone marrow.
Where is the latissimus dorsi located?
In the back, connected to the humerus. It helps to move the shoulder and the upper arm, for example in climbing.
Where is the deltoid located?
Over the top of the shoulder. It helps to raise the arms.
What do the rotator cuffs do?
They rotate and extend the shoulder, for example during bowling in cricket or baseball.
Where are the pectorals located?
In the front of the chest, connecting to the shoulder. They assist with movement of the shoulder and the arm bones.
Which muscle causes flexion at the elbow?
The biceps, the large muscle in the front of the upper arm, which raises the lower arm.
Which muscle causes extension at the elbow?
The triceps, the large muscle in the back of the upper arm, which straightens the arm.
What do the abdominals do?
They stabilise the core and support the internal organs, assisting with twisting at the waist, sitting up and bending to the side.
What do the hip flexors do?
They help to raise, lower and rotate the femur of the upper leg. They are important for running and for kicking sports.
The ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ are the muscles of the buttocks, which help to move the upper leg and the knee joint.
The gluteals are the muscles of the buttocks, which help to move the upper leg and the knee joint.
Where is the hamstring group located and what movement does it enable?
In the back of the thigh. It enables flexion of the leg at the knee.
Where is the quadriceps group located and what movement does it enable?
In the front of the thigh. It straightens the leg, causing extension at the knee.
The ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ is the muscle found in the calf at the back of the lower leg.
The gastrocnemius is the muscle found in the calf at the back of the lower leg.
Where is the tibialis anterior located?
In the shin, at the front of the lower leg. It helps to draw the foot up at the ankle during walking or running.
Define tendon.
Tendons are lengths of strong connective tissue that connect muscles to bones.
True or False?
Tendons are elastic and stretch when a muscle contracts.
False.
Tendons are tough and inelastic, so they do not stretch when a muscle contracts and pulls on a bone.
Define synovial joint.
A synovial joint is a freely movable joint with a joint cavity filled with lubricating synovial fluid, which reduces friction.
Name the six structures of a synovial joint.
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Joint capsule
Bursae
Cartilage
Ligaments
Define synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid is the fluid within the joint cavity that provides lubrication for smooth movement and reduces friction.
What is the function of the synovial membrane?
It surrounds the joint and produces synovial fluid.
What is the function of the joint capsule?
It surrounds the membrane, seals the joint space and provides stability. It is made from tough fibrous tissue.
Define bursae.
Bursae are small sacs filled with synovial fluid that help to reduce friction between the bones at a joint during movement.
What is the function of cartilage at a synovial joint?
It covers the ends of the bones, providing a surface that prevents them from rubbing against each other.
Define ligament.
Ligaments are tough connective tissue that encircle a joint and hold the bones in place.
Ligaments connect bone to bone, whereas ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ connect muscle to bone.
Ligaments connect bone to bone, whereas tendons connect muscle to bone.
True or False?
Synovial fluid is produced by the joint capsule.
False.
Synovial fluid is produced by the synovial membrane.
Which bones articulate at the hip joint?
The femur, which forms the ball, and the pelvis, which forms the socket.
How do the structures of a synovial joint help to prevent injury?
Synovial fluid and bursae reduce friction
Cartilage stops the bones rubbing together
Ligaments hold the bones in place
The joint capsule provides stability
Define hinge joint.
A hinge joint allows movement mostly in one direction, in an 'open and closed' motion.
Which movements does a hinge joint allow?
Flexion and extension.
Name the three hinge joints you need to know.
The elbow, the knee and the ankle.
Define ball and socket joint.
A ball and socket joint allows movement in many different directions, as it can rotate backwards, forwards and sideways.
Which movements does a ball and socket joint allow?
Abduction, adduction and rotation.
Name the two ball and socket joints you need to know.
The hip and the shoulder.
The ankle is an example of a ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ joint, allowing movement mainly in one direction.
The ankle is an example of a hinge joint, allowing movement mainly in one direction.
True or False?
The knee is a ball and socket joint.
False.
The knee is a hinge joint. The hip and the shoulder are the ball and socket joints.
True or False?
A ball and socket joint allows a greater range of movement than a hinge joint.
True.
A hinge joint moves mostly in one direction, while a ball and socket joint moves in many directions.
What determines the range of movement a joint can carry out?
The type of joint, and how the bones fit and connect together at it.
Define flexion.
Flexion is a bending movement that decreases the angle between two bones.
Define extension.
Extension is moving a bent limb into a straight position.
At which joints can flexion and extension occur?
The shoulder, the elbow, the hip and the knee.
Define abduction.
Abduction is movement of a limb away from the midline of the body at a joint.
Define adduction.
Adduction is movement of a limb towards the midline of the body at a joint.
At which joint do abduction and adduction occur?
The shoulder.
Define rotation.
Rotation is movement in a circular motion towards or around the long axis of a limb.
Define circumduction.
Circumduction is movement in a circular motion that combines flexion, extension, adduction and abduction.
Give a sporting example of circumduction at the shoulder.
Spinning the arm when bowling in cricket.
Define plantar flexion.
Plantar flexion is pointing the toes towards the ground.
Define dorsiflexion.
Dorsiflexion is pulling the toes up away from the ground.
At which joint do plantar flexion and dorsiflexion occur?
The ankle.
Raising the arms into a T-pose is an example of ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ at the shoulder.
Raising the arms into a T-pose is an example of abduction at the shoulder.
True or False?
Adduction moves a limb away from the midline of the body.
False.
Adduction moves a limb towards the midline. Abduction moves it away from the midline.
Define agonist.
The agonist, also called the prime mover, is the muscle that contracts and shortens to pull the bone and cause movement at a joint.
Define antagonist.
The antagonist is the muscle that relaxes and lengthens during a movement.
What is an antagonistic muscle pair?
Two muscles that work together to create movement in two directions, with one contracting as the agonist while the other relaxes as the antagonist.
Define isometric contraction.
An isometric contraction is one in which the muscle length does not change, so no movement occurs at the joint.
Give a sporting example of an isometric contraction.
Holding a plank, or holding a lifted weight still.
Define isotonic contraction.
An isotonic contraction involves the muscle lengthening or shortening, leading to movement at a joint.
Define concentric contraction.
A concentric contraction is when the muscle shortens.
Define eccentric contraction.
An eccentric contraction is when the muscle lengthens.
Which antagonistic muscle pair moves the lower arm at the elbow?
The biceps and the triceps, used in sports such as netball, badminton, tennis and darts.
Which antagonistic muscle pair moves the leg at the knee and hip?
The hamstrings and the quadriceps, used in sports such as sprinting, swimming and cycling.
Which antagonistic muscle pair moves the leg at the hip?
The gluteals and the hip flexors, used in sports such as high jump and football.
Which antagonistic muscle pair moves the foot at the ankle?
The gastrocnemius and the tibialis anterior, used in running.
Which antagonistic muscle pair moves the upper arm at the shoulder?
The pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi, used in sports such as climbing and swimming.
During a movement at a joint, the agonist contracts while the ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ relaxes.
During a movement at a joint, the agonist contracts while the antagonist relaxes.
True or False?
An isometric contraction causes movement at a joint.
False.
Isometric contractions do not cause movement, because the muscle length does not change.
Sign up to unlock flashcards
or