Sport & Society (AQA GCSE Physical Education (PE)): Flashcards

By attending matches, giving emotional support, making financial contributions, providing transport or participating in the same sport.

Family commitments may clash with events, families may prioritise non-sporting activities, or there may be peer pressure not to take part.

They reduce discrimination and lead to less stereotyping, as disabled and non-disabled participants compete in the same events.

Specially designed programmes and events mean there are fewer barriers to participation.

People are more likely to participate in sports that are familiar to them from school or family.

False.

Disposable income affects accessibility. Expensive sports such as skiing or horse riding are out of reach for some groups.

Commercialisation is the process of making a product available for sale for financial gain.

The golden triangle is the interdependent relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media.

Media providers pay event organisers for the rights to broadcast sports, and fans pay subscriptions to media providers to watch them.

Businesses provide money and products to well known sportspeople and teams, and in return the sport raises the profile of the business.

Business profiles are raised when they sponsor sports that feature frequently in the media, and businesses pay for advertising time during broadcasts.

Sponsorship is a partnership between a sports team or person and a business, which provides financial support for the sport.

The media is responsible for communicating sport to a wide range of audiences in many forms.

• Financial

• Clothing and equipment, including footwear

• Facilities

A business paying for training grounds, clubhouses or gym equipment.

• Television

• Radio

• The press

• The internet

• Social media

To educate audiences, to entertain them, and to advertise products through sponsorships.

It offers 24-hour global access and is two-way — fans can interact and become active members of online communities rather than just watching.

Performers, teams and spectators can share their own content, rather than relying on other forms of media to communicate it for them.

Every time the performer wears or uses the product, they show it to spectators, who may then be influenced to buy it.

The interdependent relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media is known as the golden triangle.

False.

Sponsorship occurs at all levels of sport, from school teams right up to elite performers.

The performer, the sport, the official, the audience/spectator and the sponsor/company.

• Additional income, giving better access to facilities, clothing and equipment

• Being freed from paid employment, giving more time for training

• Sponsor conditions may take away free time and privacy

• Poor performance may risk loss of sponsorship, putting them under pressure to succeed

Increased income allows clubs to improve facilities, buy equipment and pay for coaching and physiotherapy.

• Some sponsors, such as alcohol brands, give a negative image to the sport

• High-income sponsorship follows media interest, so there is less financial gain for minor sports

Positive: officials in professional sports are paid, and can travel with the sport.

Negative: media coverage brings pressure and negative attention over decisions, which could cost them their job.

• Better facilities and a higher standard of play

• Sport can be viewed in many ways, including from home

• More sports merchandise and more sports to view

Higher costs for tickets and merchandise, which limits accessibility for social groups on lower incomes.

Positive: it publicises the brand and raises awareness, increasing sales.

Negative: wrongdoing by a sponsored team or performer damages the brand's reputation.

Sponsorship tends to follow sports with high media interest, meaning there is less financial gain for minor sports.

• Health can be monitored, e.g. heart rate monitors

• Safety is improved, e.g. better helmets and body armour

• Equipment and clothing can improve performance, e.g. swimwear reducing drag

• Technology costs money, and not all performers can afford it

• Match analysis technology can be used by opponents to identify their weaknesses

Positive: more accurate analysis and visuals, such as electronic timing and instant replay.

Negative: teams with access to better technology gain an advantage, creating an unequal playing field.

Positive: it improves decision making, giving more accurate outcomes.

Negative: officials may become over-reliant on it, and analysing footage slows the game.

Positive: interactive and immersive viewing, increasing fan engagement.

Negative: new viewing technology may be too expensive for some, limiting access.

Digital advertising reaches a wider audience, and targeted adverts let companies reach their audience easily without physical advertisements.

True.

For example, fitting electric motors to racing bikes, which is known as motor doping.

Conduct is the behaviour of people involved in sport.

• Etiquette

• Sportsmanship

• Gamesmanship

• Contract to compete

Etiquette is the unwritten rules, or customs, of a sport that performers are expected to follow.

Shaking the hands of opponents and officials before or after a game.

Sportsmanship means playing by the rules and within the spirit of the game, respecting others and acting graciously when losing.

Congratulating an opponent on their win, or helping an injured player from the opposing team.

Gamesmanship involves bending the rules without being punished, in order to gain an advantage over other competitors.

Distracting an opponent or deliberately time wasting.

The contract to compete is an unwritten agreement that a player will aim to win and play within the rules, while allowing other competitors a fair chance.

• A player not trying their hardest

• Drug doping

• Match-fixing

Sportsmanship means playing within the rules and their spirit. Gamesmanship means bending the rules to gain an advantage without being punished.

The unwritten rules or customs of a sport, such as shaking hands after a game, are known as etiquette.

False.

This is gamesmanship — bending the rules to gain an advantage without being punished for it.

A prohibited substance is a product that is banned by the national governing body of a sport and/or the International Olympic Committee.

• Stimulants

• Narcotic analgesics

• Anabolic agents

• Peptide hormones (EPO)

• Diuretics

• Increased alertness

• Decreased reaction times

• Reduced tiredness

• Increased aggression

• Highly addictive

• Raised blood pressure

• Reduced sleep quality

• Increased risk of heart attacks and strokes

• Increased injury risk from higher pain tolerance

They are very strong painkillers, used to numb the pain resulting from overtraining and injury.

They are highly addictive and have strong withdrawal symptoms.

They increase muscle mass and growth, improving strength, stamina, speed, competitiveness and recovery from injury.

• Addiction

• High blood pressure

• Liver, kidney and heart damage

• Shrinking of the testicles

• Deeper voice and body hair in biologically female athletes

EPO is a peptide hormone secreted by the kidneys that regulates red blood cell production.

To increase red blood cell count, so that oxygen and glucose are transported to the muscles more efficiently for respiration.

• Headaches

• Nausea

• Increased blood viscosity

• Increased blood pressure

They remove excess water from the body by causing more frequent urination, causing rapid weight loss.

They can mask the presence of other performance-enhancing drugs and help remove them from the body through urination.

Severe dehydration, lower blood pressure and muscle cramps.

Drugs that increase muscle mass and growth are known as anabolic agents.

False.

Some stimulants are legal, such as caffeine, or are produced naturally in the body, such as adrenaline. Illegal stimulants such as amphetamines are prohibited.

Blood doping is a prohibited method used to increase the number of red blood cells in the body.

Blood is removed a few weeks before an event and frozen.

The body produces more red blood cells to replace it.

Just before the event the stored blood is thawed and re-injected.

More red blood cells means more oxygen is delivered to the cells for respiration, increasing cardiovascular fitness.

Endurance athletes who rely on aerobic capacity, such as long distance runners, distance swimmers, cyclists and cross-country skiers.

• Increased blood viscosity

• Risk of infection

• Potential heart attack

• Embolism, or blockage of a vessel

An embolism is a blockage of a blood vessel, which can be caused by the increased blood thickness that results from blood doping.

Increased blood viscosity can block blood vessels. If this happens in the coronary arteries of the heart, a heart attack may occur.

Contaminated equipment may be used when removing and re-injecting the blood.

It gives the body time to produce more red blood cells to replace those removed, so the re-injected blood adds to an already restored count.

Blood doping increases blood viscosity, which can lead to blocked blood vessels.

False.

Blood doping benefits endurance athletes who rely on aerobic capacity, such as marathon runners. Sprinting is anaerobic.

Beta blockers are a medication that reduces the effects of adrenaline on the body, improving fine motor control.

• Reduced heart rate

• Reduced muscle tension

• Reduced blood pressure

By reducing the effects of adrenaline, they improve fine control and the precision of movements.

Those in target sports requiring fine control, such as shooting, archery, snooker and golf.

They reduce the effects of adrenaline, lowering heart rate and muscle tension so the performer can keep the fine control their sport needs.

• Nausea

• Weakness

• Heart problems

A medical professional.

They have legitimate medical uses and must be prescribed, but they are restricted in sports where they would give a performer an unfair advantage.

Beta blockers work by reducing the effects of adrenaline on the body.

False.

Beta blockers reduce heart rate and muscle tension to improve fine control. A weightlifter needs high arousal and power, so they would be a disadvantage.

For increased alertness, in contact sports such as rugby and ice hockey.

As painkillers for pain from injury or overtraining, in sports with a high incidence of injury such as rugby and basketball.

To increase muscle mass, in sports involving weight training.

For weight loss, in sports with weight categories such as boxing, or for jockeys in horse racing.

To increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, in endurance sports such as cycling, swimming and running.

For fine motor control and precision, in target sports such as archery, snooker and shooting.

• Increased chances of success

• Fame

• Wealth

• A perceived level playing field

They may feel that many opponents are also using PEDs, so taking them simply matches what others are already doing.

• It is cheating and seen as immoral

• Associated health risks

• Fines

• Bans

• Reputational damage

Damage to their reputation can result in them being dropped by sponsors, and they may also be fined or banned from their sport.

Taking prohibited substances is considered cheating and is seen as immoral.

Loss of reputation and loss of credibility.

Spectators and fans begin to doubt that achievements are due to skill and ability alone.

A loss of spectators means the sport loses income from sponsorship and the media.

Fewer participants entering the sport, because of its damaged reputation.

False.

The sport or event also suffers, losing reputation and credibility, spectators and income.

• Creation of atmosphere

• Home-field advantage for the home team or individual

Home-field advantage is the benefit a home team or player gains from receiving much more support than the opposition at their own venue.

• Negative effect on performance from increased pressure

• Potential for crowd trouble/hooliganism

• Safety costs and concerns

• Negative effect on participation numbers among younger performers

It creates increased pressure on players to perform, which can harm performance even when the crowd noise is positive.

Younger performers may not enjoy or be used to crowd behaviour, which can put them off taking part.

Hooliganism is violent or damaging behaviour by individuals or groups of people.

• Rivalries

• Hype

• Fuelled by alcohol/drugs

• Gang culture

• Frustration, e.g. at officials' decisions

• Display of masculinity

On nearby roads, inside pubs, and on public transport to and from events.

Hooliganism is often fuelled by alcohol, which affects spectators' behaviour.

• Early kick-offs

• All-seater stadia

• Segregation of fans

• Improved security

• Alcohol restrictions

• Travel restrictions/banning orders

• Education and campaigns

It prevents spectators from visiting establishments that serve alcohol before attending the event.

Spectators stay in their seats and cannot move around as much, and there is better control over the number of tickets sold.

Banning orders prevent known hooligans from attending events. Travel restrictions stop them travelling to and from matches.

Through education programmes and campaigns, where well-known players appeal to fans for better behaviour.

It is very costly — CCTV, policing and secure infrastructure are expensive, and these costs may be passed on through higher ticket prices or taken from funds elsewhere in the sport.

It is costly to police, and seating that is deliberately left empty reduces ticket sales and profit.

False.

Most are costly and have side effects — early kick-offs lose local pubs income, all-seater stadia are expensive, and segregation reduces ticket sales.