The Short & Long Term Effects of Exercise (AQA GCSE Physical Education (PE)): Flashcards
Exam code: 8582
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Name the immediate effects of exercise.
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Name the immediate effects of exercise.
Hot, sweaty, red skin
Increase in the depth and frequency of breathing
Increased heart rate
Why does heart rate increase during exercise?
To deliver oxygen and glucose to the muscle cells more quickly and efficiently.
What is a typical resting heart rate, and what does it rise to during exercise?
Resting heart rate is about 70–80 bpm, rising to about 100–150 bpm during exercise depending on intensity and duration.
Why does the rate and depth of breathing increase during exercise?
To ensure that efficient gas exchange in the lungs can still take place.
Why does body temperature increase during exercise?
Increased muscle contractions release more heat energy.
Why does the skin look red during exercise?
Blood vessels at the surface of the skin dilate to release heat energy by radiation.
Sweating cools the body by releasing heat energy at the skin surface through ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
Sweating cools the body by releasing heat energy at the skin surface through evaporation.
Over what time period do the short-term effects of exercise occur?
Up to 36 hours after exercise.
Name the short-term effects of exercise.
Tiredness/fatigue
Light-headedness
Nausea
Aching/DOMS
Cramp
Why might a performer feel tired or fatigued after exercise?
The muscles have worked hard and become swollen and heavy, and stores of carbohydrates have been used up during respiration, reducing the energy supply.
Why might a performer feel light-headed after exercise?
Because of low blood sugar or low blood pressure.
Why might a performer feel nauseous after exercise?
If they have overexerted themselves, blood is directed away from the stomach and digestive organs towards the heart and lungs.
True or False?
Cramp and DOMS are caused by the same thing.
False.
DOMS is caused by small tears in the muscle. Cramp is an involuntary muscle contraction caused by fatigue, dehydration and loss of minerals.
Over what time period do the long-term effects of exercise develop?
Over months or even years of regular, sustained exercise.
Name the long-term effects of exercise.
Change in body shape
Increased muscle strength
Improved muscular endurance
More stable and supple joints
Increased speed
Improved cardiovascular endurance and stamina
Increased heart size
Lower resting heart rate
Define hypertrophy.
Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of a muscle as a result of repeated training.
How can long-term exercise change body shape?
Fat stores are used to provide glucose for energy, decreasing body mass, while hypertrophy increases the size of the muscles used.
Which type of exercise builds muscle strength?
Anaerobic exercise, such as weight lifting.
How does long-term exercise improve muscular endurance?
Repeated exercise such as sit-ups means the muscles involved are able to endure more exercise over time.
How does long-term exercise affect the joints?
The surrounding muscles, tendons and ligaments get stronger, so the joints are better supported and become more flexible and supple.
Which type of exercise improves cardiovascular endurance?
Slower aerobic exercise, such as swimming, which also improves stamina.
Why does the heart increase in size with long-term exercise?
The heart is a muscle, so repeatedly working it causes hypertrophy of the muscle tissue.
Define bradycardia.
Bradycardia is a decrease in resting heart rate, which occurs after prolonged exercise over months or years.
Why does resting heart rate decrease with long-term training?
Stroke volume increases, so heart rate must decrease in order to keep cardiac output the same.
Long-term anaerobic exercise such as sprinting will increase a performer's ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
Long-term anaerobic exercise such as sprinting will increase a performer's speed.
True or False?
Hypertrophy only occurs in the skeletal muscles.
False.
The heart is also a muscle, and it undergoes hypertrophy and increases in size with long-term training.
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