A skill is a learned action that can be improved with practice .

Ability refers to innate traits that determine performance. They are determined by DNA, so are stable throughout life and not influenced by learning.

What does an effectively mastered skill look like?

It consistently results in a successful outcome with minimal effort .

Give three examples of traits classed as abilities.

Coordination , balance , agility and muscular endurance .

Skill is learned and can be improved with practice, whereas ability is ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ and determined by DNA.

Skill is learned and can be improved with practice, whereas ability is innate and determined by DNA.

Name the four classifications of skill.

Basic/complex Open/closed Self-paced/externally paced Gross/fine

What is the difference between a basic and a complex skill?

A basic skill needs few decisions and simple movements, e.g. running. A complex skill needs multiple decisions and complex movements, e.g. a tennis serve.

What is the difference between an open and a closed skill?

An open skill is affected by the environment and unpredictable conditions, e.g. a rugby tackle. A closed skill is not affected by the environment and is carried out the same way every time, e.g. a gymnastics routine.

What is the difference between a self-paced and an externally paced skill?

A self-paced skill has its timing and pace determined by the performer , e.g. a golf swing. An externally paced skill has its timing and pace determined by others , e.g. a return of serve in tennis.

What is the difference between a gross and a fine skill?

A gross skill uses large muscle groups and needs no precision , e.g. a javelin throw. A fine skill uses small muscle groups and needs high precision , e.g. a darts throw.

Why are skill classifications described as continuums?

Skills are not simply one type or the other. They fall somewhere between the two extremes of each classification.

Classify a tennis serve and justify your choice.

It is a closed and self-paced skill, because the performer controls when it starts and the environment does not affect how it is carried out.

Classify dribbling in basketball and justify your choice.

It is an open and externally paced skill, because the actions of opponents are unpredictable and determine how and when the skill is carried out.

True or False? A performer is fully in control of the outcome of an open skill.

False. A performer is not in control of the outcome of an open skill, because the environment and the actions of others affect it. They are fully in control of a closed skill.

Define performance goal .

A performance goal is a goal relating to individual performance , without comparison to others.

Define outcome goal .

An outcome goal is a goal relating to an end result , which involves comparison with others .

Why are goals important for a performer?

For motivation and for tracking progress .

What might a performance goal involve?

Improving on a prior performance , or perfecting a particular technique .

Give three examples of performance goals.

Improving a 100 m sprint time Scoring a higher level on a fitness test Improving a first serve percentage in tennis

What might an outcome goal be concerned with?

Winning a match or tournament, being selected for a team , or scoring a certain number of points.

Give three examples of outcome goals.

Winning a tennis tournament Scoring a try in a rugby match Being selected to play hockey at county level Winning an Olympic gold medal

Who might set a performer's goals?

Performers may set their own goals , or goals may be set by a coach or teacher .

A goal relating to individual performance with no comparison to others is called a ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ goal.

A goal relating to individual performance with no comparison to others is called a performance goal.

Is "improving a first serve percentage in tennis" a performance or an outcome goal?

A performance goal , because it relates to the performer's own performance and does not involve comparison with others.

True or False? Winning an Olympic gold medal is a performance goal.

False. It is an outcome goal , because it relates to an end result and involves comparison with others .

Can performance and outcome goals be combined?

Yes. A performer can set both at once, for example a long-jumper aiming to land closer to the take-off board while also aiming to win .

Why is it generally accepted that outcome goals should be avoided?

They rely on factors that cannot be controlled , such as the actions of other performers .

Why should beginners avoid outcome goals?

Failure to achieve them can demotivate Winning may be an unrealistic goal against more experienced performers

Why is a performance goal a more positive choice for a beginner?

Concentrating on their individual performance provides a more positive experience, as improvement is within their own control.

Give an example of an elite performer combining both goal types.

An elite long-jumper may set a performance goal of landing closer to the take-off board than last time, alongside an outcome goal of winning .

Why does the level a performer competes at affect the goals they set?

A beginner may not yet have the skills to win against experienced performers, so an outcome goal would be unrealistic and potentially demotivating.

Suggest a suitable performance goal for a beginner swimmer.

Improving their own personal best time , or perfecting their stroke technique — both within their own control.

How might an outcome goal affect a beginner's participation?

Repeated failure to achieve it can demotivate them, making them less likely to continue taking part.

Outcome goals should generally be avoided because they rely on factors that cannot be ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

Outcome goals should generally be avoided because they rely on factors that cannot be controlled .

True or False? A performer must choose either performance goals or outcome goals, never both.

False. Performance and outcome goals can be combined , although outcome goals are generally avoided because they are outside the performer's control.

What does the acronym SMART stand for?

S pecific M easurable A ccepted R ealistic T ime-bound

Define specific in a SMART target.

The target states exactly what needs to be achieved , for example the muscles to be strengthened or the skill to be improved.

Define measurable in a SMART target.

It must be clear when the target has been achieved , for example completing a race in a particular time or lifting a particular weight.

Define accepted in a SMART target.

The target is agreed between all the individuals involved in training, for example the coach and the performer agreeing on it together.

Define realistic in a SMART target.

The target should be achievable for that performer in their specific circumstances, for example they have the ability and the training facilities are available.

Define time-bound in a SMART target.

The target will be met within a given time period , for example entering a specific race in a given year.

Why must a target be measurable?

So that the performer can tell whether or not they have achieved it , and track their progress towards it.

Why must a target be realistic?

An unrealistic target cannot be achieved in the performer's circumstances, which would demotivate them.

Why must a target be accepted?

The performer is more likely to commit to a target they have agreed with their coach, rather than one imposed on them.

Rewrite "get fitter" as a SMART target.

" Reduce my 5 km run time by 30 seconds within 8 weeks , agreed with my coach." This is specific, measurable, accepted, realistic and time-bound.

The A in SMART stands for ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿, meaning the target is agreed between everyone involved in training.

The A in SMART stands for accepted , meaning the target is agreed between everyone involved in training.

True or False? "Improve my tennis serve" is a SMART target.

False. It is not measurable or time-bound , so there is no way to know when it has been achieved.

Name the four stages of the basic information processing model.

Input Decision-making Output Feedback

What happens during the input stage?

The performer takes in information from their surroundings using their senses .

Define selective attention .

Selective attention is the ability to pick out the most relevant information from the display, ignoring what is not important.

What happens during the decision-making stage?

The performer uses information from memory to select an appropriate response .

GCSEPhysical EducationAQAFlashcardsSports PsychologySkills, Goal Setting & Feedback

Skills, Goal Setting & Feedback (AQA GCSE Physical Education (PE)): Flashcards

Exam code: 8582

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FrontDefining Skill & Ability
Define skill.

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Cards in this collection (93)

Define skill.
A skill is a learned action that can be improved with practice.
Define ability.
Ability refers to innate traits that determine performance. They are determined by DNA, so are stable throughout life and not influenced by learning.
What does an effectively mastered skill look like?
It consistently results in a successful outcome with minimal effort.
Give three examples of traits classed as abilities.
Coordination, balance, agility and muscular endurance.
Skill is learned and can be improved with practice, whereas ability is ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ and determined by DNA.
Skill is learned and can be improved with practice, whereas ability is innate and determined by DNA.
Name the four classifications of skill.
- Basic/complex
- Open/closed
- Self-paced/externally paced
- Gross/fine
What is the difference between a basic and a complex skill?
A basic skill needs few decisions and simple movements, e.g. running.
A complex skill needs multiple decisions and complex movements, e.g. a tennis serve.
What is the difference between an open and a closed skill?
An open skill is affected by the environment and unpredictable conditions, e.g. a rugby tackle.
A closed skill is not affected by the environment and is carried out the same way every time, e.g. a gymnastics routine.
What is the difference between a self-paced and an externally paced skill?
A self-paced skill has its timing and pace determined by the performer, e.g. a golf swing.
An externally paced skill has its timing and pace determined by others, e.g. a return of serve in tennis.
What is the difference between a gross and a fine skill?
A gross skill uses large muscle groups and needs no precision, e.g. a javelin throw.
A fine skill uses small muscle groups and needs high precision, e.g. a darts throw.
Why are skill classifications described as continuums?
Skills are not simply one type or the other. They fall somewhere between the two extremes of each classification.
Classify a tennis serve and justify your choice.
It is a closed and self-paced skill, because the performer controls when it starts and the environment does not affect how it is carried out.
Classify dribbling in basketball and justify your choice.
It is an open and externally paced skill, because the actions of opponents are unpredictable and determine how and when the skill is carried out.
True or False?
A performer is fully in control of the outcome of an open skill.
False.
A performer is not in control of the outcome of an open skill, because the environment and the actions of others affect it. They are fully in control of a closed skill.
Define performance goal.
A performance goal is a goal relating to individual performance, without comparison to others.
Define outcome goal.
An outcome goal is a goal relating to an end result, which involves comparison with others.
Why are goals important for a performer?
For motivation and for tracking progress.
What might a performance goal involve?
Improving on a prior performance, or perfecting a particular technique.
Give three examples of performance goals.
- Improving a 100 m sprint time
- Scoring a higher level on a fitness test
- Improving a first serve percentage in tennis
What might an outcome goal be concerned with?
Winning a match or tournament, being selected for a team, or scoring a certain number of points.
Give three examples of outcome goals.
- Winning a tennis tournament
- Scoring a try in a rugby match
- Being selected to play hockey at county level
- Winning an Olympic gold medal
Who might set a performer's goals?
Performers may set their own goals, or goals may be set by a coach or teacher.
A goal relating to individual performance with no comparison to others is called a ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ goal.
A goal relating to individual performance with no comparison to others is called a performance goal.
Is "improving a first serve percentage in tennis" a performance or an outcome goal?
A performance goal, because it relates to the performer's own performance and does not involve comparison with others.
True or False?
Winning an Olympic gold medal is a performance goal.
False.
It is an outcome goal, because it relates to an end result and involves comparison with others.
Can performance and outcome goals be combined?
Yes. A performer can set both at once, for example a long-jumper aiming to land closer to the take-off board while also aiming to win.
Why is it generally accepted that outcome goals should be avoided?
They rely on factors that cannot be controlled, such as the actions of other performers.
Why should beginners avoid outcome goals?
- Failure to achieve them can demotivate
- Winning may be an unrealistic goal against more experienced performers
Why is a performance goal a more positive choice for a beginner?
Concentrating on their individual performance provides a more positive experience, as improvement is within their own control.
Give an example of an elite performer combining both goal types.
An elite long-jumper may set a performance goal of landing closer to the take-off board than last time, alongside an outcome goal of winning.
Why does the level a performer competes at affect the goals they set?
A beginner may not yet have the skills to win against experienced performers, so an outcome goal would be unrealistic and potentially demotivating.
Suggest a suitable performance goal for a beginner swimmer.
Improving their own personal best time, or perfecting their stroke technique — both within their own control.
How might an outcome goal affect a beginner's participation?
Repeated failure to achieve it can demotivate them, making them less likely to continue taking part.
Outcome goals should generally be avoided because they rely on factors that cannot be ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
Outcome goals should generally be avoided because they rely on factors that cannot be controlled.
True or False?
A performer must choose either performance goals or outcome goals, never both.
False.
Performance and outcome goals can be combined, although outcome goals are generally avoided because they are outside the performer's control.
What does the acronym SMART stand for?
- Specific
- Measurable
- Accepted
- Realistic
- Time-bound
Define specific in a SMART target.
The target states exactly what needs to be achieved, for example the muscles to be strengthened or the skill to be improved.
Define measurable in a SMART target.
It must be clear when the target has been achieved, for example completing a race in a particular time or lifting a particular weight.
Define accepted in a SMART target.
The target is agreed between all the individuals involved in training, for example the coach and the performer agreeing on it together.
Define realistic in a SMART target.
The target should be achievable for that performer in their specific circumstances, for example they have the ability and the training facilities are available.
Define time-bound in a SMART target.
The target will be met within a given time period, for example entering a specific race in a given year.
Why must a target be measurable?
So that the performer can tell whether or not they have achieved it, and track their progress towards it.
Why must a target be realistic?
An unrealistic target cannot be achieved in the performer's circumstances, which would demotivate them.
Why must a target be accepted?
The performer is more likely to commit to a target they have agreed with their coach, rather than one imposed on them.
Rewrite "get fitter" as a SMART target.
"Reduce my 5 km run time by 30 seconds within 8 weeks, agreed with my coach."
This is specific, measurable, accepted, realistic and time-bound.
The A in SMART stands for ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿, meaning the target is agreed between everyone involved in training.
The A in SMART stands for accepted, meaning the target is agreed between everyone involved in training.
True or False?
"Improve my tennis serve" is a SMART target.
False.
It is not measurable or time-bound, so there is no way to know when it has been achieved.
Name the four stages of the basic information processing model.
- Input
- Decision-making
- Output
- Feedback
What happens during the input stage?
The performer takes in information from their surroundings using their senses.
Define selective attention.
Selective attention is the ability to pick out the most relevant information from the display, ignoring what is not important.
What happens during the decision-making stage?
The performer uses information from memory to select an appropriate response.
What are the roles of long term and short term memory in decision-making?
Long term memory is used to recall learned skills and similar past situations.
Short term memory is used to recall the details of the current situation.
What happens during the output stage?
Information is sent to the muscles, telling them to contract to carry out the chosen response.
What happens during the feedback stage?
Information about the success of the output is gathered, either from the performer themselves or from others. It goes into long term memory for future decisions.
What are the two sources of feedback in the model?
Intrinsic feedback, from the performer themselves, and extrinsic feedback, given by others.
Apply the input stage to a cricketer taking a catch.
The cricketer becomes aware of the path of the ball and the location of other players on the field.
Apply the decision-making stage to a cricketer taking a catch.
They recall a similar situation from a past match or training, along with the current path of the ball, to choose the type of catch.
Apply the output stage to a cricketer taking a catch.
Muscles in the cricketer's arms and legs contract, allowing them to move into position and catch the ball.
Why is the information processing model described as a loop?
Feedback from one action is stored in long term memory and drawn upon in the next round of decision making.
During the output stage, information is sent to the ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ to carry out the response.
During the output stage, information is sent to the muscles to carry out the response.
True or False?
A beginner is as good as an elite performer at selective attention.
False.
More experienced performers are better able to select the most relevant information from their surroundings.
Define guidance.
Guidance is the assistance given to a performer by a coach or teacher when they are learning or developing skills.
Name the four types of guidance.
- Visual (seeing)
- Verbal (hearing)
- Manual (physical assistance)
- Mechanical (use of objects/aids)
Define visual guidance.
Visual guidance involves a performer being shown how to carry out a skill, for example through a demonstration, video or photograph.
Why is visual guidance especially important for beginners?
Beginners may struggle to follow spoken instruction without first being able to visualise the movement.
How might an elite performer use visual guidance?
In the form of slow motion video, or software that breaks movements down into a series of still images.
Define verbal guidance.
Verbal guidance is spoken guidance, in which a performer is told how to perform a skill by a coach or teacher.
Why is verbal guidance more effective for elite performers than beginners?
Elite performers have learned complex terminology and already know what a skill should look like. Beginners may not grasp sport-specific language.
Define manual guidance.
Manual guidance involves a coach physically moving or supporting a performer's body to show how to perform a skill correctly.
Give two examples of manual guidance.
- Physically guiding a beginner's body through a golf swing
- Supporting a beginner performing a beam balance that might otherwise be dangerous
Define mechanical guidance.
Mechanical guidance uses supportive equipment, rather than a coach's physical support, to help a performer carry out a skill.
Give two examples of mechanical guidance.
- Armbands or floats used by a new swimmer
- A trampoline harness
Why do manual and mechanical guidance suit beginners?
They provide additional support and safety, allowing beginners to carry out skills they could not otherwise complete and to learn how a movement feels.
Which types of guidance would you recommend for a beginner, and why?
Visual guidance combined with verbal, plus manual or mechanical support, because beginners need to see the skill and be physically supported while learning it.
Guidance that uses supportive equipment such as armbands or a harness is called ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ guidance.
Guidance that uses supportive equipment such as armbands or a harness is called mechanical guidance.
True or False?
Elite performers are likely to need manual guidance.
False.
Elite performers are unlikely to require manual guidance. It is used mainly during beginner development.
Define feedback.
Feedback is information received by a performer that relates to their performance, allowing them to improve future performance.
Name the three pairs of feedback types.
- Positive/negative
- Knowledge of results/knowledge of performance
- Extrinsic/intrinsic
Define positive feedback.
Positive feedback involves praise, telling a performer when they are doing something right.
Define negative feedback.
Negative feedback tells a performer they have done something incorrectly, explaining exactly what is wrong and how to correct it.
Why is positive feedback more effective for beginners?
It is motivating, encourages continued participation, and tells them to repeat the action in the same way.
Why do elite performers respond well to negative feedback?
They have learned to respond well to it and see it as an essential part of improving performance.
Define knowledge of results.
Knowledge of results (KR) feedback involves knowing the outcome of a performance, usually a statistic forming part of a final result.
Give three examples of knowledge of results feedback.
- The score at the end of a tennis match
- A performer's position in a swimming race
- A runner's time in a distance event
- The height achieved in a high jump
Define knowledge of performance.
Knowledge of performance (KP) feedback relates to the individual performance itself, regardless of any final result.
Give three examples of knowledge of performance feedback.
- The timing of a backhand stroke in tennis
- How clean a landing is after a beam performance
- How quickly a runner leaves the blocks in a sprint
Why might knowledge of results demotivate a beginner?
Beginners often lose against more experienced performers, so repeatedly seeing poor results can be demotivating.
How can knowledge of performance help a beginner?
It allows them to assess their performance independently of other competitors, though it must be carefully tailored so it is not too complex.
Define extrinsic feedback.
Extrinsic feedback comes from others, such as a coach, teammates or the reactions of a crowd.
Define intrinsic feedback.
Intrinsic feedback is a performer's own impressions of their performance, such as how their muscles feel during a movement.
Why is extrinsic feedback more valuable to beginners?
Beginners may not have enough knowledge or experience to judge the quality of their own performance.
Feedback that comes from the performer's own impressions of their performance is called ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ feedback.
Feedback that comes from the performer's own impressions of their performance is called intrinsic feedback.
True or False?
Elite performers can only make use of intrinsic feedback.
False.
Elite performers have enough experience to interpret intrinsic feedback, so they can make use of both intrinsic and extrinsic feedback.

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