Changing Employment Structures (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 0460 & 0976
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Define employment structure.
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Cards in this collection (36)
Define employment structure.
The way a country's workforce is divided up between the sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary).
Define the primary sector.
The primary sector is concerned with the extraction of raw materials from land, sea or air. Examples include farming, mining, forestry and fishing.
Define the secondary sector.
The secondary sector is concerned with the processing of raw materials and components, such as oil refinement and the manufacture of goods like vehicles.
Define the tertiary sector.
The tertiary sector is concerned with the provision of a wide range of services for consumers and businesses, such as leisure, banking or hospitality.
Define the quaternary sector.
The quaternary sector, or knowledge economy, provides specialised knowledge- and information-based services, such as IT, research and consulting. It relies on specialised knowledge and skills, not physical inputs.
Why do LICs have most people employed in the primary sector?
Partly due to fewer students attending school and a lack of infrastructure to support manufacturing or service provision, so most people work in agriculture and food production.
Why has manufacturing employment risen in MICs?
Better technology means fewer workers are needed in farming, so more people can work in factories; also many HIC businesses relocate production there to take advantage of lower average wage rates.
Give two examples of primary industry in high-income countries.
Oil and forestry in Norway, and wine production in Australia.
What is the key difference between the tertiary and quaternary sectors?
Both are service industries, but the quaternary sector needs a higher level of education and focuses on knowledge-based services such as IT, research and consultancy.
How do high-income countries support the growth of the tertiary and quaternary sectors?
By using their wealth to finance higher-level training and education.
Over the past 20 years, employment in ______ sector industries has been declining globally, and it is in the least developed nations where the majority of the workforce is still employed in it.
Over the past 20 years, employment in primary sector industries has been declining globally, and it is in the least developed nations where the majority of the workforce is still employed in it.
True or False?
The quaternary sector relies mainly on physical inputs rather than specialised knowledge.
False.
The quaternary sector relies on specialised knowledge and skills, not physical inputs.
True or False?
High-income countries have a high and increasing proportion of their workforce in the service sector.
True.
In high-income countries the proportion of the workforce in the service sector is high and increasing, with a growing focus on the quaternary sector.
Define deindustrialisation.
The decrease in secondary employment in some countries, caused by increasing mechanisation and global changes.
Which sector dominates employment in a pre-industrial society, and give an example country?
The primary sector dominates. Examples include Bolivia and Mozambique (also LICs such as Ethiopia, Afghanistan and Madagascar).
Which sector grows most during the industrial phase, and which countries are in this stage?
The secondary sector increases as manufacturing shifts from HICs to low-cost economies. MICs such as China and India are in this stage.
Which sectors dominate in the post-industrial phase, and give example countries.
The tertiary and quaternary sectors increase while secondary and primary decrease; the tertiary sector dominates employment and GDP. Examples: Germany, Australia and the USA.
What does the Clark-Fisher Model show?
It illustrates how the proportion of people employed in each sector changes as an economy advances: primary declines, secondary peaks mid-industrial, and tertiary/quaternary rise in the post-industrial phase.
What is the global industrial shift?
The movement of manufacturing (secondary sector jobs) from high-income countries to emerging, low-cost economies during the industrial phase.
Give two causes of the change in employment structure over time.
Increasing mechanisation in agriculture reduces primary jobs; people moving to urban areas for secondary/tertiary work; deindustrialisation; technological improvements boosting tertiary/quaternary; and international corporations building factories in LICs where costs are lower.
How would you identify an HIC from a pie chart of employment sectors?
It would be dominated by tertiary economic activities. (An LIC is dominated by primary; an MIC has fairly equal amounts of each sector.)
Increasing mechanisation in ______ leads to a decrease in the number of jobs available, which is one cause of falling primary sector employment.
Increasing mechanisation in agriculture leads to a decrease in the number of jobs available, which is one cause of falling primary sector employment.
True or False?
The UK and USA are classed as 'industrial societies' where most people work in the secondary sector.
False.
The UK and USA are post-industrial societies, where most people work in the tertiary or quaternary sectors. China and India are industrial societies.
True or False?
As economies grow, reliance on the primary sector for jobs begins to decline.
True.
As economies develop, the primary sector declines while the secondary and then tertiary/quaternary sectors grow.
Define optimum location for an industry.
The location a manufacturer seeks that will produce maximum profit, based on a combination of physical, human and economic factors — usually the least-cost, highest-profit location.
Define containerisation.
The use of standard container sizes which enable faster trade and lower shipping costs, increasing trade between countries because it is easier and less expensive to do business.
What is the difference between a pull factor and a push factor in industrial location?
A pull factor attracts industry to a location (e.g. cheap labour, nearby raw materials); a push factor discourages location there (e.g. poor infrastructure, unreliable water supplies).
Why do industries using heavy or bulky raw materials locate near those materials?
Because transporting heavy or bulky materials is expensive, so locating near them reduces transport costs — it acts as a pull factor.
How can political policies in LICs attract inward investment?
Through tax exemptions, free trade zones, and grants, which make areas attractive for industries to invest in.
Why is a reliable water supply important for some industries?
Some industries, such as paper and cotton processing, require a lot of water in manufacturing, so they need to be near a reliable supply like lakes or rivers. Poor, unreliable supplies are a push factor.
Why are labour costs in LICs often a pull factor for industry?
In LICs, labour costs are usually lower, which reduces manufacturing costs and attracts industry.
How can communications act as a push factor for TNCs?
If TNCs do not account for the language barrier (e.g. machinery instructions and translation) and time zone differences, effective communication with employees, customers and suppliers becomes difficult.
Give two reasons industries change location over time.
Raw materials running out (manufacturers move), rising costs (wages/laws push work out of MICs), improved transport/technology, and outsourcing work elsewhere to save money (e.g. call centres).
______ in LICs acts as a push factor, as it increases the cost of transporting raw materials and finished goods.
Poor infrastructure in LICs acts as a push factor, as it increases the cost of transporting raw materials and finished goods.
True or False?
A single factor usually decides the location of an industry.
False.
No one factor decides the location of an industry, but a combination of them — and most companies look for the least-cost, highest-profit location.
True or False?
Industries such as aerospace and film are pulled towards sunnier climates.
True.
Sunnier climates act as a pull factor for industries such as aerospace and film; a good climate also reduces energy bills and improves quality of life.
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