Causes & Impacts of International Migration (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography): Flashcards

False.

An asylum seeker is still 'seeking' asylum and has not yet received refugee status, whereas a refugee has been granted asylum and is protected under international law.

A 'person of concern'.

A push factor is something in a person's current situation that is 'pushing' them away from their place of origin.

A pull factor is the perceived outcome — what a migrant imagines life will be like in their place of destination.

Push and pull factors.

Social, economic, political and environmental.

No — they are unique to each migrant, depending on their reasons for moving.

The push factor, which makes the person consider moving from their place of origin.

The pull factors are the perceived outcome — what a migrant imagines life will be like in their place of destination.

Push-pull factors can be divided into social, economic, political and environmental categories.

False.

Unemployment is a push factor, as it pushes a person away from their place of origin.

False.

You should not just state opposites: for example, poverty is a push factor, but a pull factor could be better welfare and healthcare services.

The country of origin is the country that people leave when they migrate.

The destination country, or host country, is the country that migrants are moving to.

Any three of: better jobs; escape from conflict; a better quality of life; better education and job skills; wider job opportunities; and supporting family back home through remittances.

Any three of: running out of money and food; a language and cultural barrier; being exploited; passport, visa or immigration issues; housing problems; illness with no healthcare; and a lack of legal protection.

As much as 20% of a country's annual GDP.

India, China, Mexico, the Philippines and Egypt.

Any three of: migrants returning with new skills; a reduction in unemployment; less pressure on public services; more resources available; remittances boosting the economy; and greater cultural diversity.

The brain-drain effect is the loss of a skilled workforce from the country of origin when its skilled people migrate away.

Because most migrants are men, leaving an imbalance in the population left behind.

Dirty, dangerous and demanding jobs.

Any three of: job competition; increased pressure on natural resources and public services; discrimination and racial tensions; population increase; and reduced average wages.

In the destination country, migration can lead to a more balanced population structure, as migrants tend to be younger adults.

False.

Migration tends to cause an ageing population in the country of origin (as young people leave), while giving the destination country a more balanced population structure.

To maximise the positive benefits for both host and origin countries; prevent illegal migration through border controls; and promote legal migration channels.

During a struggle, immigration rules often become harder; during a boom, rules become easier to encourage workers to come.

An EU freedom-of-movement area where citizens of any of the 29 countries can work, live or study in any of the other 28.

A points-based immigration system allows entry to a country based on a migrant's skills and qualifications, as in the UK's post-Brexit and Australia's systems.

The EU's Blue Card for highly qualified workers, and the UK's seasonal worker visas for agriculture.

Providing aid to origin countries to tackle root causes like poverty and conflict, and reducing the migration of skilled workers through retention incentives or restrictions.

To help migrants settle by supporting them to learn the language and understand the customs, traditions and ways of life of the destination country.

Advantages: countries can more easily fill job vacancies and it boosts tourism. Disadvantage: political tensions may increase — e.g. ending freedom of movement was a reason given for voting for Brexit.

It can be effective in controlling numbers, but is expensive and controversial and may not address the root causes of migration.

They help fill skill shortages but may exclude low-skilled migrants who are still needed in some sectors.

Providing aid to origin countries is a long-term solution to reduce 'push' factors such as poverty and conflict.

Work visa schemes provide legal alternatives to irregular migration, but have a limited duration, so migrants may overstay.

False.

The cost of integration strategies is high, and local communities may argue the money could be used to support them instead of migrants.

California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.

Any three of: high crime rates; high unemployment and poverty; high rates of subsistence farming; water shortages from arid conditions limiting agriculture; and natural hazards such as earthquakes.

Any three of: higher average incomes; lower unemployment rates; a better quality of life; and the ability to send remittances back to Mexico.

It is estimated that 24% of foreign-born residents in the USA are Mexican, more than 10.9 million people.

It has lost two-thirds of its inhabitants.

Any three of: a shortage of economically active people in rural areas; women outnumbering men; dependence on remittances; an ageing community as young adults leave; and reduced pressure on services and housing.

$48.9 billion.

Civilian groups who patrol the US borders and confront illegal workers, formed in opposition to illegal immigration.

Over 727 km of barriers along the nearly 2,000-mile border.

A policy requiring asylum seekers to wait in Mexico while their US asylum claims were processed.

To deploy its National Guard to slow northbound migration and increase enforcement along its southern border with Guatemala.

The Title 42 Public Health Order, used during the COVID-19 pandemic, allowed the immediate expulsion of migrants without formal asylum hearings.

False.

Mexican culture has enriched US border states with food, language and music, including National Taco Day and mariachi bands, and Spanish is now widely taught in US schools.

Due to proximity to the border, higher demand for immigrant farm workers, and long-established urban Mexican communities.