Uneven Development (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 0460 & 0976
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Define the development gap.
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Cards in this collection (23)
Define the development gap.
The development gap is the difference in levels of development between the least developed and most developed countries in the world.
Name two problems the development gap can cause.
Poverty, inequality, harm to the environment, and social unrest.
What are the three broad categories of reasons for differences in development?
Social, economic and environmental factors, which interlink and can become more or less important over time.
Why do landlocked countries often develop more slowly?
They have no direct access to ports, making trade more difficult; nine of the twelve most undeveloped countries are landlocked.
How do natural disasters slow a country's development?
Disasters like earthquakes and floods occur more frequently in some countries and divert money from development to recovery.
Climate-related diseases such as ______ affect the ability of a population to stay healthy enough to work.
Climate-related diseases such as malaria affect the ability of a population to stay healthy enough to work.
How does education act as a social factor in development?
Levels of education affect the skills people have; the more educated a population is, the more a country will develop.
How did colonialism contribute to the development gap?
Colonial powers extracted resources (minerals, crops), set up systems that benefited themselves, and left many countries dependent on low-value exports and facing inequality after independence.
How does trade in primary products widen the development gap?
LICs usually trade primary products for less money to HICs, which then produce a final, high-profit product, keeping most of the value.
How does good infrastructure boost a country's development?
Good road, railway and electricity infrastructure attracts foreign investment, because companies can quickly produce and transport goods, bringing in money.
True or False?
Corruption can take money away from important development projects.
True.
Corruption diverts money from important projects and makes it hard to put good policies into action.
How many main stages of development does the UN identify?
Four main stages: least developed, developing, newly industrialised, and developed countries; countries can move up or down between them.
Which organisation revises income classifications, and on what basis?
The World Bank, which regularly revises income classifications based on updated GNI data.
How does China illustrate that development is a shifting process?
China moved from LIC to MIC in under 40 years due to rapid industrialisation and trade integration.
What GNI threshold defines a low-income country (LIC)?
A Gross National Income (GNI) below US$1,018, along with poor health and education and economic and environmental vulnerability.
As of December 2024 there were ______ low-income countries (LICs), 31 of them in Africa.
As of December 2024 there were 44 low-income countries (LICs), 31 of them in Africa.
By what other name are middle-income countries (MICs) known?
Newly industrialised countries (NICs) — countries with rapid economic growth based on industrial development, such as Singapore, South Korea, Brazil, China and India.
What characterises a high-income country (HIC)?
Modern industries, a good standard of living with relatively high incomes, and a good level of services (e.g. Norway, Japan, Canada).
In which hemisphere are most HICs and MICs found, and where are most LICs?
Most HICs and MICs are in the northern hemisphere, while LICs are mostly in the southern hemisphere.
Name two disadvantages faced by LICs and developing countries.
They are at a disadvantage in world trade, vulnerable to natural hazards, lack infrastructure, and are dependent on primary resources.
True or False?
Most South American countries are classified as LICs.
False.
Most South American countries are classified as MICs, as are Eastern European countries.
Why can GNI per capita make classifications contested?
It hides regional inequalities (e.g. urban vs rural), so a country may be wealthy overall but still have large impoverished populations.
Why is labelling a country an LIC politically sensitive?
Calling a country an LIC can change how people see it and affect its chances for aid.
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