Opportunities & Challenges of Urbanisation (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 0460 & 0976
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Give three opportunities that urban living offers.
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Give three opportunities that urban living offers.
Opportunities for work, connecting with others, and enjoying culture.
Define the multiplier effect in the context of urban growth.
The multiplier effect is the upward spiral created by urban economic growth, where investment and development attract more jobs, wealth and further growth.
Why must governments invest more as cities become densely populated?
To support residents — they build, upgrade or renovate hospitals, schools and roads, improving education, health and work possibilities.
How does urban housing compare with rural areas?
Cities usually offer a wider selection of housing options in both quality and quantity, so people from different income levels can find somewhere to live.
How does economic development benefit urban areas?
It creates more jobs, brings together markets and speeds up trade, boosting production and services; cities are where finance and retail come together.
Why do urban residents typically consume a greater variety of goods and services?
Because increased wealth usually gives them more disposable income.
How do job options in urban areas suit people with different skill levels?
Urban areas offer a wider range of jobs requiring different skill levels, in both formal and informal settings.
Give three everyday services that are easier to access in major cities and towns.
Any three of: electricity, piped water, clean drinking water and internet.
Urban economic growth creates an upward spiral called the ______ effect.
Urban economic growth creates an upward spiral called the multiplier effect.
Cities are often melting pots of different ______ and backgrounds, shown in a wider variety of restaurants and cultural spots.
Cities are often melting pots of different cultures and backgrounds, shown in a wider variety of restaurants and cultural spots.
True or False?
Access to health and education services is usually worse in urban areas than rural areas.
False.
Access is usually better in urban areas, with more hospitals and schools that are easier to get to.
Define inequality in urban areas.
Inequality is the unequal access to resources, services and opportunities between people living in towns and cities.
Besides money, name three aspects of urban inequality.
Levels of education, access to technology, housing quality and affordability, infrastructure, and healthcare.
Why is it hard for the urban poor to escape poverty?
They fall victim to the cycle of poverty, where urban poverty becomes ingrained within the city, combined with a lack of suitable work, housing, water supply and sanitation.
Why do the poorest urban households often use biomass for cooking?
They lack reliable electricity, so they burn wood or dung; this contributes to low air quality and greater household fire risk.
The UN estimates that over 1 billion people in cities do not have access to adequate supplies of fresh, clean ______.
The UN estimates that over 1 billion people in cities do not have access to adequate supplies of fresh, clean drinking water.
Which two diseases spread through unsafe urban water supplies?
Cholera, which breeds in stagnant water and causes around 2 million deaths a year worldwide, and malaria, spread by mosquitoes attracted to open water.
True or False?
In Lagos, Nigeria, all of the 10,000 tonnes of daily waste produced is collected and taken to rubbish dumps.
False.
Just 40% of the 10,000 tonnes of daily waste produced in Lagos is collected and taken to large rubbish dumps.
Why is picking over city rubbish dumps dangerous for workers?
Many dumps contain toxic waste, and workers have no formal training or protective clothing, so they are exposed to unsafe material.
Define the informal economy.
The informal economy is unregulated work where workers pay no taxes, leaving cities without revenue to provide adequate services and making wages and conditions difficult to regulate.
What proportion of the world's employed population works in informal employment?
More than 60%, of which as much as 93% is in MIC and LIC cities; most informal employment is in the tertiary sector.
Poor-quality, overloaded roads and public transport in rapidly growing cities contribute to ______.
Poor-quality, overloaded roads and public transport in rapidly growing cities contribute to congestion.
Name the four types of urban pollution linked to transport and city life.
Air, light, noise and visual pollution.
True or False?
Urban pollution and congestion problems tend to be worse in LICs.
True.
There is usually little regulation or enforcement, and old, un-serviced vehicles and unregulated factory emissions add to air and water pollution.
Define the central business district (CBD).
The CBD is the central core of a city, containing banks, retail shops and commercial offices; it has high-value land and a low residential population.
Why does the central core rely on multi-storey, vertical growth?
Because of limited space and high-value land, development focuses on vertical growth rather than horizontal growth.
List the four recurring zones of an urban area, from centre outward.
The central core / CBD, the inner-city zone, the suburban zone, and the urban fringe.
The inner-city zone is characterised by older, compact, ______ 'worker' housing, surrounded by older industrial areas.
The inner-city zone is characterised by older, compact, terraced 'worker' housing, surrounded by older industrial areas.
In HICs, where do poorer residents tend to live?
In inner-city areas, edge-of-town estates and high-rise flats.
How can poor-quality housing cause poor health?
Through coldness, overcrowding and mould.
Define an informal (squatter) settlement.
An informal settlement is unplanned, unregulated housing built by residents on land they usually do not own, using scrap materials, with little sanitation, fresh water or reliable energy.
Give the local names for informal settlements in Brazil and on the Indian subcontinent.
Favelas in Brazil and bustees on the Indian subcontinent.
On what kinds of land are informal settlements typically located?
On land of no economic value, on urban edges/fringes, along main roads or railways, and clinging to steep slopes.
In LICs, about a quarter of urban inhabitants, some ______ billion people, live in impoverished squatter settlements.
In LICs, about a quarter of urban inhabitants, some 1.6 billion people, live in impoverished squatter settlements.
Which is the largest of Nairobi's three sprawling slums?
Kibera, the largest of the three slums where 1.5 million people are crowded into mud huts and tin shacks in Nairobi, Kenya.
True or False?
All governments forcibly remove residents from informal settlements.
False.
Many residents do face forcible removal, but some governments accept informal housing as a self-help way of dealing with a housing shortage.
Define suburbanisation.
Suburbanisation is the process by which towns expand outwards as people move from the city centre towards the rural-urban fringe.
Define the rural-urban fringe.
The rural-urban fringe (or urban fringe) is the outer edge of a city, where urban and rural land uses meet.
What three factors drive growth at the urban fringe?
Population growth, a lack of space in the city, and spiralling land costs.
How does urban sprawl increase flood risk in urban areas?
It creates impermeable surfaces and surface run-off, which increases the flood risk in urban areas.
Why does urban sprawl lead to higher emissions?
Because of car dependency: people commute further and there is increased traffic.
Define a brownfield site.
A brownfield site is old or disused urban land that is redeveloped; existing services are in place, but it is often expensive to clear and free of pollution.
Give two advantages of developing a brownfield site.
It revives disused urban areas, reduces loss of countryside, uses existing services (water, electricity, sewage), sits near employment, and reduces the risk of squatter settlements.
Give two advantages of developing a greenfield site.
Cheaper land, a healthier environment near countryside, an unrestricted layout, faster house building, and easier access and infrastructure.
A key disadvantage of greenfield development is that it encourages further ______ sprawl.
A key disadvantage of greenfield development is that it encourages further suburban sprawl.
How does urban sprawl affect trade in the city centre?
Relocating services to the urban fringe causes a loss of trade within the city centre, leading to closures.
True or False?
Greenfield sites are usually cheaper to buy and develop than brownfield sites.
True.
Greenfield land is usually cheaper to buy and develop and building is faster, whereas brownfield sites are often more expensive because old buildings must be cleared and pollution removed.
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