Population Change (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 0460 & 0976
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Define population growth rate.
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Cards in this collection (33)
Define population growth rate.
The average annual change in the size of a population over a set period, usually a year.
What was the world's population growth rate in 1970 compared with 2022?
In 1970 the growth rate was 2%; by 2022 it had fallen to under 1%.
After 1804, it took just over ______ years for the world population to double to 2 billion.
After 1804, it took just over 100 years for the world population to double to 2 billion.
What factors have driven the rapid global increase in population?
Improvements in agriculture, medicine, technology, and clean water supply and sanitation, which lowered the death rate.
The fastest increase in world population happened during the ______ and ______.
The fastest increase in world population happened during the 1980s and 1990s.
Define net migration.
The difference between the number of people moving into a country (immigrants) and the number leaving it (emigrants).
Natural change in population is calculated by subtracting the ______ rate from the ______ rate.
Natural change in population is calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate.
How is the birth rate calculated?
Total births ÷ total population × 1000 — the number of live births per 1000 people per year.
Define fertility rate.
The number of live births per 1000 women aged 15–49 in a given year.
What happens when the birth rate is lower than the death rate?
A negative natural increase occurs, so the population declines.
True or False?
Natural change is the birth rate minus the death rate.
True.
Natural change is the birth rate minus the death rate. When the death rate is higher, a negative natural increase occurs and the population declines.
Define a pro-natalist policy.
A government policy designed to encourage people to have more children and increase the birth rate.
Name two measures used by France to encourage larger families.
Discounts on public transport for families with three or more children, and increased paid maternity leave.
A country that introduced a baby bonus to encourage larger families is ________.
A country that introduced a baby bonus to encourage larger families is Singapore.
Why do some countries adopt pro-natalist policies?
To address issues such as an ageing population, workforce shortages, and reduced tax payments due to fewer workers.
Define an anti-natalist policy.
A government policy aimed at reducing the birth rate to slow population growth and ease pressure on resources.
What was the main goal of China's one-child policy?
To reduce the birth rate and slow down the rapid population growth.
China's one-child policy was in effect from 1979 to ________.
China's one-child policy was in effect from 1979 to 2016.
List two negative impacts of China's one-child policy.
It led to a male/female imbalance and an ageing population.
Define family planning education.
Teaching people about contraception and how to control the number and timing of children, in order to reduce the birth rate.
True or False?
China's one-child policy led to more men than women in the younger population.
True.
A preference for male children skewed the male/female ratio, leaving over 30 million more men than women under 20.
Define the demographic transition model (DTM).
The DTM shows the five generalised stages of population change that countries pass through as they develop, tracking how birth and death rates change over time.
The demographic transition model has ______ generalised stages of population change.
The demographic transition model has five generalised stages of population change.
Describe the birth rate, death rate and population in Stage 1 of the DTM.
High birth rate and high death rate, giving a low total population.
Why do death rates fall in Stage 2 of the DTM?
Because of improved diets, better healthcare, lower infant mortality and increased access to clean water; birth rates stay high, so population rises rapidly.
In Stage 3 of the DTM, what happens to the birth rate and why?
The birth rate falls rapidly due to increased birth control and family planning, the rising cost of raising children, low infant mortality and more education for women.
What happens to the total population in Stage 5 of the DTM?
It slowly declines, as the death rate exceeds the birth rate.
Why do people have many children in Stage 2 despite high birth rates being costly?
Children are needed as workers, and with no pensions or elderly care, people have children to look after them in old age.
Give two strengths of the demographic transition model.
It simplifies population change so trends are easy to identify, it can be easily applied to different settings, and it helps governments plan for predicted future changes.
Which population change did the DTM originally model?
What happened to the population in Western Europe before, during and after industrialisation.
The DTM does not take into account migration, natural disasters, pandemics, wars or ______, such as China's one-child policy.
The DTM does not take into account migration, natural disasters, pandemics, wars or government policies, such as China's one-child policy.
True or False?
The DTM is easy to apply to LICs and MICs industrialising today.
False.
It is harder to apply to LICs and MICs today, as it is based on Western European countries that industrialised between 1800 and 1950, whereas modern countries industrialise in shorter time-frames due to globalisation.
What key assumption about development limits the DTM?
It assumes that all countries will develop in the same way.
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