Management of Urban Growth (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 0460 & 0976
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What is the difference between a top-down and a bottom-up housing scheme?
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What is the difference between a top-down and a bottom-up housing scheme?
Top-down schemes are large-scale, centralised government-led or private-sector projects with limited community involvement; bottom-up schemes are community-led, often supported by NGOs.
In a self-help scheme, how do residents fund improving their own homes?
Residents build or improve their own homes using provided materials or microloans, developing local skills.
Define a congestion charge.
A congestion charge requires drivers to pay to enter central zones during peak hours; the revenue is used to fund public transport and it cuts air pollution and CO₂ emissions.
How does a park and ride scheme reduce congestion?
It provides parking at the edge of a city and offers public transport into the centre, reducing the number of vehicles on the road and improving air quality.
Define green infrastructure.
Green infrastructure is a network of natural and man-made green spaces, such as parks, street trees, green roofs and SuDS, that manages the negative effects of urban growth.
Green infrastructure helps reduce urban flooding and lowers the urban ______ island effect.
Green infrastructure helps reduce urban flooding and lowers the urban heat island effect.
What was the aim and cost of the Vision Mumbai top-down scheme in India?
A US$40 billion partnership to improve Mumbai by 2050, including building one million low-cost homes and demolishing the Dharavi informal settlement.
Give one criticism of the Vision Mumbai scheme.
High costs and accusations of corruption; many residents felt it benefited only the rich, rents cost more than in the slums, and small workshops had to move, harming Mumbai's recycling industry.
What kind of scheme was the Favela Bairro Project in Rio, Brazil?
A bottom-up, community-led improvement project with support from NGOs and local authorities; it is recognised by the UN and used in many other Brazilian cities.
True or False?
Curitiba, Brazil was the first city in Brazil to have a dedicated bus lane.
True.
Curitiba's BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) system was the first in Brazil with a dedicated bus lane; over 80% of travellers use it and no one lives more than 400 metres from a bus stop.
Give one advantage of La Paz, Bolivia's cable car transport system.
It is affordable and accessible to poor hillside communities, fast and reliable, electric-powered with minimal emissions, and avoids road congestion.
In Mexico City, planting vegetation on rooftops as ______ roofs reduces air pollution and lowers flood risk.
In Mexico City, planting vegetation on rooftops as green roofs reduces air pollution and lowers flood risk.
What is one criticism of Singapore's 'City in a garden' greening strategy?
It needs significant financial investment and resources, can be seen as greenwashing without real ecological benefit, and green spaces compete with space for housing.
Where is Mumbai located?
Mumbai is in Maharashtra state on the western coast of India.
What two processes drive Mumbai's urban growth?
Natural increase through high birth rates, and rural-to-urban migration (about 60% of migrants come from villages within Maharashtra).
In 1950, Mumbai had a population of 1.6 million; by 2000 this had increased ten-fold to ______ million.
In 1950, Mumbai had a population of 1.6 million; by 2000 this had increased ten-fold to 16 million.
Name one pull factor attracting migrants to Mumbai.
Better job prospects and higher wages (e.g. Coca-Cola, Tata Steel), better access to education and healthcare, and being home to Bollywood, the world's biggest film industry.
How large is Mumbai's Dharavi settlement?
Dharavi occupies an area equivalent to about 500 football pitches, making it one of the largest unplanned settlements globally.
Which waterborne diseases affect Dharavi due to poor sanitation?
Cholera and typhoid, caused by inadequate water supplies, sanitation and waste services.
Which company won the 2022 bid to redevelop Dharavi?
The Adani Group.
True or False?
Dharavi residents were fully consulted on the Adani Group's redevelopment plans.
False.
Residents and business owners say they weren't consulted, and worry the high-rise developments will erode community spirit and harm the informal economy.
How busy is Mumbai's suburban rail network?
It is the busiest in the world: the 465 km network carries over 7.5 million commuters daily, and more than 2,000 people die annually in train-related accidents.
Give one reason Mumbai's monorail has been considered a failure.
It is over budget, poorly connected to other transport (nearest suburban station is 4 km away), and had a 2017 fire that shut services for 10 months; ridership fell from 15,000 to 10,000 per day.
The Mumbai ______ is being built in three phases over 15 years, with completion expected in October 2026 at a cost of about $6.84 billion.
The Mumbai Metro is being built in three phases over 15 years, with completion expected in October 2026 at a cost of about $6.84 billion.
Why are Mumbai's mangrove forests being cleared?
They are cleared for housing and industry.
Name Mumbai's large national park that provides green space and protects biodiversity.
Sanjay Gandhi National Park, designated a reserved forest in 1869 to protect the natural landscape from the growing city.
What is Mumbai's economic role in India?
It is the commercial and financial capital of India and contributes 31% of the country's tax revenue.
How many people live in Dharavi?
About 1 million residents.
How does the Adani Group plan to redevelop Dharavi?
By replacing informal housing with high-rise apartments, providing free housing with essential services for around 68,000 displaced residents.
Why do mangrove forests matter for Mumbai?
They moderate temperatures, reduce CO₂, and filter water to keep rivers clean.
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