Population Structures (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 0460 & 0976
1/380Still learning
Know0
Define population structure.
Was this flashcard helpful?
Cards in this collection (38)
Define population structure.
The population structure is the distribution of characteristics of a population, such as age, sex, ethnicity and religion.
Define a population pyramid.
A population pyramid (or age structure graph) is a graph used to display the gender and age structure of a given population.
What age range does each bar of a population pyramid represent?
Each bar represents a 5-year age range.
On a population pyramid, which side usually shows males and which shows females?
Males are usually shown on the left and females on the right.
How is natural increase calculated?
By subtracting the death rate from the birth rate.
When does a negative rate of natural increase occur?
It occurs when the birth rate is lower than the death rate.
How is net migration calculated?
By subtracting the number of emigrants from the number of immigrants, measured per 1000 people.
What is the difference between positive and negative net migration?
Positive net migration occurs when there are more immigrants than emigrants; negative net migration occurs when there are more emigrants than immigrants.
Why does the UAE have significantly more males than females in its population structure?
Because of the migration of males to the UAE to work in the oil, gas and construction industries.
An LEDC like Niger, in stages 1 and 2 of the demographic transition, has a ______ pyramid shape dominated by a young dependent population.
An LEDC like Niger, in stages 1 and 2 of the demographic transition, has a concave pyramid shape dominated by a young dependent population.
An MEDC country such as Japan, in stage 5 of the demographic transition, has a pentagon shape with a narrowing base and an ______ population.
An MEDC country such as Japan, in stage 5 of the demographic transition, has a pentagon shape with a narrowing base and an ageing population.
True or False?
A combination of a decreasing death rate and a high birth rate leads to rapid natural increase.
True.
This combination produced rapid natural increase and population explosion, resulting in a larger population, a larger proportion of younger people and a higher dependency ratio.
What are the two effects of a negative rate of natural increase on population structure?
It leads to a shrinking population and an ageing population.
What combination of birth and death rates produces a youthful population?
A high birth rate and a decreasing death rate, which cause rapid natural increase and can lead to a population explosion.
In which type of country are youthful populations most common?
LICs, where the birth rate is high.
Give three causes of a high birth rate in LICs.
Any three of: lack of access to family planning and contraception; more women surviving childbirth; families having many children to support them in old age and help the family; the culture of large families; and religious reasons.
State two advantages of a youthful population.
Lots of workers, which can increase economic growth; and the elderly population being supported by large numbers of younger workers.
Give three disadvantages of a youthful population.
Any three of: high unemployment if there are too few jobs; high investment needed in schools and maternity care; a high dependency ratio; increased pressure on services; social issues such as increased crime; and pressure on food and water supplies causing shortages.
Define an ageing population.
An ageing population is one with an increasing proportion of older dependent people, common in HICs and linked to a low birth rate.
Give three causes of an ageing population.
Any three of: decreasing fertility rates, increased life expectancy, improved healthcare, later marriage, the costs of having children, and better diets.
State two advantages of an ageing population.
Any two of: older people having more disposable income which boosts the economy; more time to volunteer in the community; caring for grandchildren; and their skills and experience increasing productivity.
Give three disadvantages of an ageing population.
Any three of: increased pressure on healthcare; closure of schools due to fewer children; the cost of increasing pension payments; and more people dependent on the taxes of a decreasing workforce.
Many HICs are experiencing an ageing population, which is often linked to a ______ birth rate.
Many HICs are experiencing an ageing population, which is often linked to a low birth rate.
An ageing population increases pressure on ______ because older people are more likely to be unwell.
An ageing population increases pressure on healthcare because older people are more likely to be unwell.
True or False?
A youthful population always has a low dependency ratio.
False.
A youthful population typically has a high dependency ratio, because there are large numbers of young dependants relative to workers.
How did Japan's population change between 2010 and 2020?
It decreased from 128.1 million in 2010 to 125.8 million in 2020.
What is Japan's fertility rate, and how does it compare with the replacement rate?
1.36 births per woman, well below the fertility replacement rate of 2.1.
What is Japan's overall population change rate?
-0.3%, resulting from a combination of a low birth rate and an ageing population.
What is Japan's life expectancy?
84.36 years — the highest in the world.
Give three reasons for Japan's low birth rate.
Any three of: more women focusing on careers and delaying children; inability to afford a home (70% of unmarried people live with parents); a declining marriage rate and later marriage; economic insecurity; and the high cost of childcare.
Why has Japan's death rate risen from 6 per 1000 in 1982 to 11 per 1000 in 2020?
Not because of poorer healthcare or diet, but because the population is ageing — older people are more likely to become unwell and die.
In Japan, what proportion of the population is over 60, and what proportion over 75?
One-third are over 60 years old and over 12% are over 75.
Give three impacts of population decline in Japan.
Any three of: a shortage of workers; higher taxes to pay for healthcare and pensions; school closures (about 450 per year); and economic stagnation.
In Japan, an average of ______ schools close each year due to falling pupil numbers.
In Japan, an average of 450 schools close each year due to falling pupil numbers.
How did Japan revise its immigration laws in 2018?
It revised immigration laws to attract foreign workers and help ease the worker shortage.
Name the three pro-natalist plans Japan introduced in 1994, 1999 and 2009.
The Angel Plan (1994), the New Angel Plan (1999) and the Plus One Policy (2009).
Japan's most recent policy, the ______ Proposal, aims to increase 'parent-friendly' working and build 50,000 new day care facilities.
Japan's most recent policy, the Plus One Proposal, aims to increase 'parent-friendly' working and build 50,000 new day care facilities.
True or False?
Japan's population policies are anti-natalist, aiming to reduce the birth rate.
False.
Japan's policies are pro-natalist — plans such as the Angel Plan aim to encourage people to have more children.
Sign up to unlock flashcards
or