Sustainable Development (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography): Flashcards

Some areas have become over-dependent on tourism, visitor numbers must be balanced with ecosystem protection, and income is uneven between popular and remote regions.

True.

Eco-tourism brings money into a country and supports local employment whilst protecting the environment, a form of economic sustainability.

Social, economic and environmental strategies, each of which can be classified as top-down or bottom-up.

To improve quality of life, reduce inequality, and ensure access to basic services like education, healthcare, housing and clean water.

They improve literacy and job opportunities, and support population control through informed family planning.

They require long-term investment with slow results, can be underfunded in LICs, and are difficult to implement in conflict zones or areas of weak governance.

Microfinance provides small loans and business support to help people, especially women, start local businesses, particularly in LICs.

They ensure farmers and producers in LICs are paid fair prices, reducing poverty and income inequality.

Green job creation, such as training solar technicians, promotes employment in eco-friendly sectors.

Forest conservation and afforestation protect biodiversity and store carbon, helping to slow climate change.

True.

Greenwashing — companies claiming to be sustainable without real action — is a risk; environmental strategies are also expensive upfront and need global cooperation.

A top-down strategy is planned and implemented by governments or international organisations, often with large-scale funding; it can be expensive and may not fully meet local needs.

A bottom-up strategy is initiated by local people or communities, often small-scale and led by NGOs or grassroots groups; it is low-cost and locally appropriate but may lack funding or scalability.

The government provides infrastructure while communities manage and maintain it, combining wide impact with local appropriateness.

Top-down — it is a government-led or donor-funded social strategy aiming for widespread impact, often run by ministries of health or international bodies like the WHO.

Fair Trade is an international movement that helps producers in poor countries get a fair deal by setting standards for trade, guaranteeing better prices and working conditions for producers.

The transfer of money, resources, or expertise from one country or organisation to another. It can be emergency aid (short-term) or development aid (long-term).

A strategy where the debts owed by developing countries are written off or reduced, freeing up money for development instead of repayments and interest.

It allows a country to sell its resources to earn income, which it can invest in things such as education and healthcare, or use to import goods like tractors or communication technology.

They are usually paid less for their exports than developed countries, are disadvantaged by trade barriers, and trade agreements usually favour developed and emerging countries.

Top-down is government-to-government aid, e.g. the UK funding roads or power plants in LICs. Bottom-up is NGOs building schools, digging wells, or training midwives in rural communities.

Risk of aid dependency (relying on handouts instead of self-sufficiency); aid may be tied to conditions; and risk of corruption or misuse so money doesn't reach those who need it.

The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative, launched in 1996, aimed to ensure that no country faces a debt burden it cannot manage.

It allows the coffee to be milled before roasting, which adds value to the coffee and increases the farmer's income. Over 90% of small coffee farmers there have joined it.

In 2005, as part of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) was added to supplement the HIPC and allowed for 100% debt relief on money owed to the IMF, World Bank or African Development Fund.

False.

Fair Trade products usually cost more than non-Fair Trade options, which makes them harder to buy and can affect sales.

False.

Debt relief does not fix the underlying causes of poverty or prevent future debt, and corrupt governments may keep the money.

Botswana is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered by South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Zambia.

Botswana gained independence from Britain in 1966, and has since experienced stable governance and steady growth.

Gem-quality diamonds. Botswana is one of the world's largest producers, and diamond revenue makes up around 80% of export earnings.

Debswana is a joint venture the government formed with De Beers, which ensures Botswana keeps a share of the profits from its diamonds.

Political stability and good governance (low corruption, transparent budgeting, strong legal system) and low population pressure (a small population with low density means less strain on infrastructure and resources).

$7,820 USD (2023), which places it as a middle-income country (MIC).

Free primary education and improved access to secondary schools, plus skills development through vocational and technical training, aiming to reduce reliance on mining and build a diversified economy.

One of Africa's most effective large-scale responses: free antiretroviral therapy (ART) since the early 2000s, plus public awareness campaigns and healthcare worker training.

The Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC), supported by competitive salaries for public officials and legal checks on misuse of public money.

By encouraging tourism (e.g. the Okavango Delta and safari industry), finance and ICT, and promoting foreign direct investment (FDI) in non-mining sectors.

In Botswana, significant government spending on better roads, electricity access and water supply, particularly to rural areas, has improved transport links and helped develop tourism and trade.

False.

Botswana has a relatively small population (around 2.6 million) with low density, meaning less strain on infrastructure and natural resources than other LICs in the region.

It is classified as an MIC (middle-income country).