Measuring Development (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 0460 & 0976
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Define development.
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Cards in this collection (25)
Define development.
Development is a country's positive progress in improving the standard of living and quality of life for its population.
Why is it better to use multiple indicators to measure development?
Individual indicators are misleading alone because some features develop before others; using multiple indicators produces a clearer picture of a country's development.
Define GDP per capita.
GDP per capita is the total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year, divided by its population.
Why can GDP per capita be a misleading measure of development?
It is an average, so variation in wealth is hidden, and there is no way of knowing what the GDP is spent on (e.g. it rises after an earthquake due to rebuilding).
What is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) used to adjust for?
It adjusts GNP per capita for the cost of living, since $1 goes further in Bangladesh than in the USA.
True or False?
GNI is calculated by adding a country's income from foreign sources to its GDP.
True. GNI is found by adding a country's income from foreign sources (like remittances and investment income) to its GDP.
Which organisation now uses GNI more commonly than GDP?
The World Bank; the European Union also uses it to determine each member country's contribution.
What is the key difference between GNI and GNI per capita?
GNI measures a country's overall economic wealth, while GNI per capita (GNI divided by population) shows the average income / standard of living per person.
Define the infant mortality rate.
The infant mortality rate is the number of children per 1000 who die below the age of 1.
Define the literacy rate.
The literacy rate is the percentage of people over 15 years old who can read and write.
In developed countries, literacy rates average around 96%, whereas in less-developed countries they average around ______ per cent.
In developed countries, literacy rates average around 96%, whereas in less-developed countries they average around 65 per cent.
Why does a lower 'people per doctor' figure usually indicate greater development?
It means there are more doctors per person, which usually reflects a stronger healthcare system.
Why is calorie intake used as a development indicator?
It reflects a country's overall economic and food security status; developed countries tend to have a higher average daily calorie intake than less developed ones.
What do social development indicators reveal that economic ones do not?
They give a more complete picture of how a country's money helps its people, covering quality of life, equal opportunities, access to education and healthcare, life expectancy and education levels.
Give two examples of economic development indicators.
Employment, income and wealth; savings, house building and consumer spending; international trade; and resources with pollution controls.
Individual indicators are misleading when used alone, so using ______ indicators provides a clearer picture of a country's development.
Individual indicators are misleading when used alone, so using multiple indicators provides a clearer picture of a country's development.
Why is GNI limited as a development indicator?
It only measures income; it is an average that a few wealthy people can distort, income data is sensitive so may be dishonest, and informal-sector workers and stay-at-home parents are not counted.
Why can life expectancy be misleading in countries with high infant mortality?
People who survive infancy may live longer than expected, so the figure can be distorted; data is also often unreliable in LICs.
Why is death rate a less reliable development measure than birth rate?
Death rates can be high in LICs due to poverty but also high in HICs where many people die of old age, so it does not clearly reflect development.
Why might official figures for access to safe water underestimate the problem?
Data collection in LICs is often inaccurate; people may technically have access but high costs force them to use unsafe water, and leaking pipes or natural disasters can cut supply.
What is the Human Development Index (HDI), and who created it?
The HDI is a combined measure of development created by the UN in 1990, scored from 0 to 1; a higher score means higher development and quality of life.
Which four indicators make up the HDI?
Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling (adults aged 25), expected years of schooling, and GNI per capita (PPP$).
In 2024, Norway had the highest HDI at 0.957, while ______ had the lowest at 0.394.
In 2024, Norway had the highest HDI at 0.957, while Niger had the lowest at 0.394.
True or False?
The HDI takes environmental and political factors into account.
False.
The HDI uses only four indicators and does not take into account environmental or political measures, or disparities within a country.
Name the four groups countries are divided into using HDI.
Very High, High, Medium, and Low Human Development.
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