Impacts of Earthquakes & Volcanoes (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography): Flashcards

From I to XII.

From measurements and observations including the height of material ejected, the volume of material and the duration of the eruption.

The action taken immediately after a hazard event, such as rescue teams searching for survivors, providing medical aid, shelter, food and water.

Any of: rebuilding homes, improving building regulations, improving drills/evacuation plans/warning systems, giving money to farmers, using data for future planning, and rebuilding transport routes.

Park's hazard response curve.

False.

The response is typically slower and less well-organised in low-income countries (LICs), which often increases deaths and recovery time.

Monitoring, prediction, protection, planning and technology.

They detect ground deformation; a change in the shape of the land can be a sign of rising magma.

Gas sensors monitor volcanoes by detecting increases in gases such as sulphur and radon, which rise before an eruption.

False.

Earthquakes are impossible to predict precisely because they are a sudden release of stress built up over long periods. Volcanic eruptions can be predicted more accurately.

Any of: cross-bracing of steel frames, rubber shock absorbers, flexible materials, foundations sunk into bedrock, shatterproof glass, and automatic gas/electricity cut-offs.

Buildings cannot be protected against lava or pyroclastic flow; only measures such as strengthening roofs against ash weight are possible.

Hazard mapping identifies the areas at greatest risk from a hazard, so people can be moved or buildings restricted, particularly essential buildings such as hospitals.

Remote sensing by satellites such as Sentinel 1 provides data about changes in ground movement.

It maps where hazards are most likely, enables land use zoning for services and infrastructure, and identifies the correlation between risk and vulnerability.

The East Anatolian Fault.

The Arabian Plate moves north, pushing the small Anatolian Plate westward, releasing built-up pressure.

The 2023 Türkiye-Syria earthquake had a magnitude of 7.8, followed nine hours later by a magnitude 7.5 aftershock.

The shallow depth meant more intense shaking and greater destruction.

False.

The region had not experienced a major earthquake since 1822, so accumulated pressure was very high.

Over 35,000 were reported dead in the first week, later rising to over 56,000.

In Türkiye, over 300,000 buildings were damaged or destroyed and an estimated 1.5 million people were made homeless.

Between $50 and $85 billion.

Any of: fires from broken gas pipes, landslides, food and water shortages (food prices up over 20%), disease (over 40,000 cholera cases in Syria by June 2023) and respiratory infections.

Approximately 250,000 volunteers from Türkiye, using specialised equipment and sniffer dogs.

Access was difficult due to the ongoing civil war and severely damaged infrastructure.

Any of: planned reconstruction, improving building standards in Türkiye, pledged financial aid, and psychological/medical support for survivors.

The 1999 Izmit earthquake; the government was criticised for not enforcing stricter building codes afterwards. The World Bank later financed $1 billion for recovery.

An example of a transform (conservative) boundary.

On the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands, an autonomous region of Spain in the Atlantic Ocean off North Africa.

The Canary Islands sit on the African plate over a hot spot (magma plume), not a plate boundary.

The Tajogaite eruption on the Cumbre Vieja ridge began on 19 September 2021 and lasted almost three months.

VEI 2 to VEI 3.

Almost 1,500 houses.

During the Cumbre Vieja eruption, over 400 hectares of banana farms were destroyed.

€1 billion.

False.

There was only 1 death, though about 20,000 people were exposed to the eruption and over 7,000 were evacuated.

A €5.4 million advanced payment.

€400 million.

Over 1,300 air quality and gas monitoring sensors, to reduce exposure to low air quality and signal when to evacuate.

Any of: more accurate risk mapping, exploring geothermal energy, installing gas/air quality sensors, improved phone alert systems, and better monitoring and prediction of eruptions.

Magnitude 7.8, in April 2015, with its epicentre 80 km northwest of Kathmandu in the Gorkha district.

A collision boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates.

The 2015 Nepal earthquake caused approximately 9,000 deaths and made almost 3.5 million people homeless.

About 35% of GDP, with damage estimated at $7–$10 billion.

Any of: international aid totalling $3 billion, 90% of the Nepalese army mobilised, tent cities in Kathmandu, a GIS crisis mapping tool used to coordinate, and a $3 million Asian Development Bank grant.

False.

Nepal is a low-income country (LIC) with a GDP of under $1000, and in 2015 around 80% of its population lived in rural communities.

On Java, in Indonesia.

It sits on a destructive plate boundary where the Indo-Australian Plate subducts beneath the Eurasian Plate, forming a stratovolcano.

The 2010 Mount Merapi eruption was classified as VEI 4 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index.

An estimated 353 deaths, caused by pyroclastic flows, falling ash and lava; over 350,000 people were evacuated.

Ash in the atmosphere led to the closure of airports and the cancellation of 2,500 flights.

Any of: building 16,000 new houses, repairing roads/schools/infrastructure, a new volcano monitoring centre, an early warning system, and tourism recovery campaigns.

Any of: hazard mapping and risk zoning, stronger building codes, installing tiltmeters, GPS, seismometers and gas sensors, education and evacuation drills, and international scientific collaboration.

Java is the most densely populated island in Indonesia, with a population of over 157 million.