18.2 Genetic Modification (Cambridge (CIE) O Level Biology): Flashcards
Exam code: 5090
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Define genetic modification.
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Define genetic modification.
Changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting genes from another organism.
Define recombinant DNA.
DNA that contains DNA from another organism.
An organism that contains genetic material inserted from another organism is described as .
An organism that contains genetic material inserted from another organism is described as transgenic (genetically modified).
Why have some crops been genetically modified with a gene from a bacterium?
The gene lets the crop produce a poison that kills insects, making it resistant to insect pests such as caterpillars.
What is golden rice, and why was it developed?
Rice genetically modified to produce a chemical that is turned into vitamin A in the body, helping to prevent deficiency diseases.
How is human insulin produced using genetic modification?
The gene for human insulin is inserted into bacteria, which then produce insulin that is collected and purified for medical use.
Define restriction enzymes.
Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, leaving sticky ends (short sections of unpaired bases).
What is the role of DNA ligase in genetic modification?
It joins two pieces of DNA that have matching sticky ends into a single, unbroken molecule of DNA.
In genetic modification, the required gene is inserted into a bacterial , which is a circle of DNA found in bacterial cells.
In genetic modification, the required gene is inserted into a bacterial plasmid, which is a circle of DNA found in bacterial cells.
Give one advantage of genetically modifying crops.
Any one of:
increased yields
reduced use of herbicides and pesticides
cheaper and less time-consuming for farmers
Give one risk of growing genetically modified crops.
Any one of:
inserted genes transferred to wild plants by pollination
reduced biodiversity
increased costs of seeds and dependency on chemicals
True or False?
Genetically modified crops can give increased yields.
True.
The crops are not competing with weeds for resources or suffering pest damage, so yields increase.
True or False?
Genetic modification of bacteria raises major ethical concerns.
False.
There is a lack of ethical concerns over the manipulation and growth of bacteria, unlike with animals.
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