Encoding is changing information into a form that can be stored in the brain .

Which type of encoding converts a sound into a form that can be understood? a) Visual encoding b) Acoustic encoding c) Semantic encoding

b. Information encoded according to how it sounds uses acoustic encoding .

True or False? Semantic encoding is encoding information according to how it looks.

False. Semantic encoding is encoding information according to its meaning . Encoding information according to how it looks is visual encoding .

What is elaborative encoding ?

Elaborative encoding involves relating new information to existing knowledge , such as when revising for an exam.

Storage refers to where information is held in the brain after it has been encoded .

Information held in short-term memory has a duration of seconds.

Information held in short-term memory has a duration of 15–30 seconds.

What must happen to information for it to pass into long-term memory ?

Information must be rehearsed to pass into long-term memory , where it can be stored permanently .

Retrieval refers to the recovery of stored information from memory.

Which form of retrieval is only possible when there is a prompt to remind you? a) Free recall b) Recognition c) Cued recall

c. Retrieval that is only possible when there is a prompt is called cued recall .

What is free recall ?

Free recall is retrieving information without any cues , from ‘the top of your head’.

True or False? A memory that is neither accessible nor available can still be retrieved.

False. If information is neither accessible nor available then it cannot be retrieved from memory.

What is recognition ?

Recognition is when information is presented to you and you can identify what you recall from what is in front of you.

Define episodic memory .

Episodic memory consists of memories of events from a person’s own life , such as your fifth birthday party.

True or False? Episodic memories are ‘time-stamped’.

True. Episodic memories are ‘time-stamped’ — identifiable by the day, week, month or year the event happened. The memory is also unique to you .

Define semantic memory .

Semantic memory consists of the meaning a person ascribes to specific details, such as understanding what a ‘no entry’ sign means.

Knowing that Washington DC is the capital of the USA is an example of which type of long-term memory? a) Episodic memory b) Semantic memory c) Procedural memory

b. Knowing that Washington DC is the capital of the USA is an example of semantic memory .

Define procedural memory .

Procedural memory consists of knowing how to perform specific actions or sequences of actions, and feels automatic .

Which one of the following is an example of procedural memory ? a) The name of your first pet b) Making a lasagne without a recipe c) The first time you saw the sea

b. Making a lasagne without a recipe is an example of procedural memory .

Episodic and semantic memories are declarative , whereas procedural memories are .

Episodic and semantic memories are declarative , whereas procedural memories are non-declarative .

What does Bahrick’s (1975) yearbook study suggest about episodic memory ?

Bahrick’s (1975) study suggests that episodic memories are strong and long lasting , as graduates could still match names to faces decades later.

In Bahrick’s (1975) study, participants recalling from 14 years ago matched the name to the face of the time.

In Bahrick’s (1975) study, participants recalling from 14 years ago matched the name to the face 90% of the time.

Give one weakness of dividing long-term memory into separate types.

There is cross-over between episodic and semantic memories . For example, learning French at school is semantic (understanding the language) and episodic (time-stamped to school).

True or False? Case studies of brain-damaged patients such as HM show that procedural memories are lost when short-term memory is severely impaired.

False. Case studies such as HM show that procedural memories , and some episodic memories, remained intact even when short-term memory was massively impacted.

What does the case of Scott Boswell (the ‘yips’) suggest about procedural memory ?

It suggests that even experts can temporarily ‘forget’ how to perform an action that was once automatic , which is a weakness of procedural memory.

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Processes of Memory (AQA GCSE Psychology): Flashcards

Exam code: 8182

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FrontEncoding, Storage & Retrieval
Define encoding.

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Cards in this collection (24)

Define encoding.
Encoding is changing information into a form that can be stored in the brain.
Which type of encoding converts a sound into a form that can be understood?
a) Visual encoding
b) Acoustic encoding
c) Semantic encoding
b.
Information encoded according to how it sounds uses acoustic encoding.
True or False?
Semantic encoding is encoding information according to how it looks.
False.
Semantic encoding is encoding information according to its meaning. Encoding information according to how it looks is visual encoding.
What is elaborative encoding?
Elaborative encoding involves relating new information to existing knowledge, such as when revising for an exam.
Define storage.
Storage refers to where information is held in the brain after it has been encoded.
Information held in short-term memory has a duration of seconds.
Information held in short-term memory has a duration of 15–30 seconds.
What must happen to information for it to pass into long-term memory?
Information must be rehearsed to pass into long-term memory, where it can be stored permanently.
Define retrieval.
Retrieval refers to the recovery of stored information from memory.
Which form of retrieval is only possible when there is a prompt to remind you?
a) Free recall
b) Recognition
c) Cued recall
c.
Retrieval that is only possible when there is a prompt is called cued recall.
What is free recall?
Free recall is retrieving information without any cues, from ‘the top of your head’.
True or False?
A memory that is neither accessible nor available can still be retrieved.
False.
If information is neither accessible nor available then it cannot be retrieved from memory.
What is recognition?
Recognition is when information is presented to you and you can identify what you recall from what is in front of you.
Define episodic memory.
Episodic memory consists of memories of events from a person’s own life, such as your fifth birthday party.
True or False?
Episodic memories are ‘time-stamped’.
True.
Episodic memories are ‘time-stamped’ — identifiable by the day, week, month or year the event happened. The memory is also unique to you.
Define semantic memory.
Semantic memory consists of the meaning a person ascribes to specific details, such as understanding what a ‘no entry’ sign means.
Knowing that Washington DC is the capital of the USA is an example of which type of long-term memory?
a) Episodic memory
b) Semantic memory
c) Procedural memory
b.
Knowing that Washington DC is the capital of the USA is an example of semantic memory.
Define procedural memory.
Procedural memory consists of knowing how to perform specific actions or sequences of actions, and feels automatic.
Which one of the following is an example of procedural memory?
a) The name of your first pet
b) Making a lasagne without a recipe
c) The first time you saw the sea
b.
Making a lasagne without a recipe is an example of procedural memory.
Episodic and semantic memories are declarative, whereas procedural memories are .
Episodic and semantic memories are declarative, whereas procedural memories are non-declarative.
What does Bahrick’s (1975) yearbook study suggest about episodic memory?
Bahrick’s (1975) study suggests that episodic memories are strong and long lasting, as graduates could still match names to faces decades later.
In Bahrick’s (1975) study, participants recalling from 14 years ago matched the name to the face of the time.
In Bahrick’s (1975) study, participants recalling from 14 years ago matched the name to the face 90% of the time.
Give one weakness of dividing long-term memory into separate types.
There is cross-over between episodic and semantic memories. For example, learning French at school is semantic (understanding the language) and episodic (time-stamped to school).
True or False?
Case studies of brain-damaged patients such as HM show that procedural memories are lost when short-term memory is severely impaired.
False.
Case studies such as HM show that procedural memories, and some episodic memories, remained intact even when short-term memory was massively impacted.
What does the case of Scott Boswell (the ‘yips’) suggest about procedural memory?
It suggests that even experts can temporarily ‘forget’ how to perform an action that was once automatic, which is a weakness of procedural memory.

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