The Geographical Enquiry (Edexcel IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 4GE1
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Define aim (in fieldwork).
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Cards in this collection (52)
Define aim (in fieldwork).
A statement explaining what the enquiry is attempting to achieve.
Define hypothesis.
A clear, directional and measurable statement that can be tested.
What are the three qualities a good hypothesis must have?
It must be clear, directional and measurable.
How many stages are there in the enquiry process?
Six stages.
The six stages of the enquiry process are planning, methods and data collection, data presentation, ______, conclusions and evaluation.
The six stages of the enquiry process are planning, methods and data collection, data presentation, analysis, conclusions and evaluation.
Which model of rivers might a fieldwork hypothesis be based on?
Bradshaw's model.
Name one factor that determines the location chosen for fieldwork.
The topic of the enquiry, distance, accessibility or suitability.
The greater the ______ to a fieldwork site, the less time will be available for collecting data.
The greater the distance to a fieldwork site, the less time will be available for collecting data.
Once the fieldwork location has been decided, what is used to identify the sample sites within it?
Sampling.
Define risk assessment.
A consideration of health and safety in which hazards are identified, along with who is at risk and the precautions to reduce the risk.
How can the risk of contracting Weil's disease during river fieldwork be managed?
Wash hands after being in the water, cover open wounds and use anti-bacterial hand wash.
How can the risk of slipping on rocks during river fieldwork be reduced?
Wear sturdy, appropriate footwear with good grips on the sole.
True or False?
A safety helmet should be worn when working below a cliff face.
True.
You should wear a safety helmet below a cliff face, not climb the cliff, and not work at cliff faces in very wet or windy weather.
True or False?
An aim is a statement that can be tested, while a hypothesis explains what the enquiry is trying to achieve.
False.
It is the other way round: the aim explains what the enquiry is trying to achieve, while the hypothesis is the testable statement.
Why is sampling used in fieldwork instead of measuring the whole area?
There is not enough time, equipment or access to measure the whole area being examined.
Sampling provides a ______ and statistically valid sample of the whole.
Sampling provides a representative and statistically valid sample of the whole.
Name the three main types of sampling.
Random, systematic and stratified.
Define systematic sampling.
Selecting samples at regular intervals, for example every 500 metres or every tenth person.
Define stratified sampling.
Sampling used when the study area includes significantly different parts (subsets), so the sample reflects their proportions in the whole population.
In random sampling, how are the sample points selected?
Numbered grid squares over the study area are entered into a random number generator.
Which sampling method can be used when a sample site cannot be accessed?
Opportunistic sampling, using a site as close as possible to the inaccessible one.
Why is random sampling described as the least biased method?
All possible sample sites have an equal chance of being selected.
A disadvantage of systematic sampling is that not all sites have an equal chance of being selected, which increases the ______.
A disadvantage of systematic sampling is that not all sites have an equal chance of being selected, which increases the bias.
State one advantage of systematic sampling.
It is easy and quick and covers the whole study area equally.
What must be known and accurate for stratified sampling to work?
The proportions of the subsets.
True or False?
Random sampling guarantees that the sample fully represents the whole population.
False.
Representation may be poor if the random sites miss large areas, and some selected sites may be inaccessible or unsafe.
True or False?
Stratified sampling can be used alongside systematic and random sampling.
True.
An advantage of stratified sampling is that it can be combined with systematic and random sampling, allowing comparisons between subsets.
Define analysis (of fieldwork data).
The process which makes sense of data by identifying patterns, trends, connections and meaning.
Which type of data is analysed using numerical and statistical methods?
Quantitative data.
Define mean.
The value found by adding all the values in a data set and dividing by the number of values.
Define median.
The middle value of a data set once the numbers are arranged in rank order.
Define mode.
The value which occurs most frequently in a data set.
What do the mean, median and mode all measure?
Central tendency.
Define range.
A measure of dispersion; the distance between the highest and lowest value.
The ______ range is the part of the range that covers the middle 50% of the data.
The interquartile range is the part of the range that covers the middle 50% of the data.
Define anomaly (in data analysis).
A result which does not fit the pattern or trend and needs to be described and explained.
What kind of analysis is the annotation of photographs and field sketches?
A qualitative analysis.
What does annotation add to the features shown in a photograph or field sketch?
It gives them meaning as part of the analysis.
Range is a measure of ______ – the spread of data around the average.
Range is a measure of dispersion – the spread of data around the average.
True or False?
The median is the value that occurs most often in a data set.
False.
The mode occurs most often; the median is the middle value in rank order.
What is the key focus of the fieldwork evaluation questions in the exam?
The evaluation of data collection.
Name one common limitation of fieldwork data collection.
Accessibility of sample sites, sample size, duration, equipment issues or human error.
Define human error (in data collection).
Mistakes in recording data or reading the equipment.
One improvement to data collection is increasing the ______ so that results are more accurate.
One improvement to data collection is increasing the sample size so that results are more accurate.
Which piece of equipment would be more accurate than a float for measuring river velocity?
A flow meter.
Give one example of an unforeseen issue that could affect fieldwork results on the day.
Road works or changes in river flow.
When evaluating conclusions, what should the conclusions be checked against?
Whether they reflect the aims and hypothesis set out at the start of the enquiry.
Besides increasing sample size, name one other way data collection could be improved.
Taking more measurements or looking at a wider range of secondary sources.
Enquiry evaluation should evaluate how ______ the conclusions were.
Enquiry evaluation should evaluate how reliable the conclusions were.
When evaluating the enquiry design, what should be asked about the hypothesis itself?
Whether it was appropriate and could be easily assessed.
True or False?
Evaluation should only identify problems and not suggest improvements.
False.
Evaluation should identify limitations and suggest other useful data or improvements that could be made.
True or False?
Suggesting how the scope of the study could be extended is part of enquiry evaluation.
True.
Evaluation should suggest how the scope of the study could be extended.
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