Consequences of Uneven Development (Edexcel IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 4GE1
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How did colonialism hinder the development of colonised countries?
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Cards in this collection (36)
How did colonialism hinder the development of colonised countries?
European countries took the resources of colonised countries to sell for profit, and set borders with no regard for Indigenous boundaries, leading to future tensions and conflicts.
Define neocolonialism.
How developed countries dominate the least developed and developing countries today.
Define land grabbing.
Where wealthier countries buy large areas of farmland in the least developed and developing countries.
How does investment in education support development?
It increases the skilled workforce, supporting the development of secondary and tertiary economic activities.
How can war and conflict slow a country's development?
Money is spent on weapons rather than invested in development.
Large-scale investment by ______ can trigger the multiplier effect, boosting the economy.
Large-scale investment by Transnational Corporations (TNCs) can trigger the multiplier effect, boosting the economy.
True or False?
Uneven development only occurs between countries, not within them.
False.
Development differences occur within countries too, in developed, emerging and developing nations alike.
Define cumulative causation.
A theory where growth in the core region attracts skilled labour and capital, while the periphery suffers as labour leaves and investment focuses on the core.
What happens to the periphery under cumulative causation?
It suffers as skilled labour leaves and investment is focused on the core, so the core-periphery gap grows.
The three stages of regional inequality are the pre-industrial stage, a period of rapid economic growth, and regional economic ______.
The three stages of regional inequality are the pre-industrial stage, a period of rapid economic growth, and regional economic convergence.
How does discrimination based on ethnicity cause regional inequality?
Discrimination can leave ethnic groups with income levels below the dominant groups, and higher levels of informal employment, unemployment and poverty.
Why do formal jobs usually mean higher incomes than informal jobs?
Formal jobs usually have higher incomes and greater benefits, such as holidays and sick pay.
Which region forms the economic core of China?
The provinces along the East Coast, where most secondary and tertiary economic activity is located.
Which Chinese province has the lowest GDP per capita?
Gansu, at US$4,936.
In China, over ______ of people living in poverty live in rural areas.
In China, over 90% of people living in poverty live in rural areas.
How do literacy rates compare between rural and urban China?
Literacy rates are 65% in rural areas and 84% in urban areas.
What social effect has regional inequality caused in China?
Significant rural-urban migration.
In some rural areas of China the unemployment rate is over ______, increasing poverty.
In some rural areas of China the unemployment rate is over 30%, increasing poverty.
Which type of economic activity is China's periphery more dependent on?
Primary economic activities.
True or False?
Most of China's rural sewage is collected and treated properly.
False.
Only 15% of rural sewage is collected and treated properly, leading to water contamination and disease.
Why does using biomass for cooking harm health in rural China?
It increases indoor air pollution.
More than ______ of China's land is degraded by over-cultivation, overgrazing and erosion.
More than 40% of China's land is degraded by over-cultivation, overgrazing and erosion.
What proportion of China's farmland is contaminated by heavy metals and chemical pollutants?
19% of farmland.
Define the economic periphery in China.
The less developed regions to the west and far northeast, including the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts and the Plateau of Tibet.
Define the demographic transition model (DTM).
A model showing the five generalised stages countries pass through as they develop, illustrating how birth and death rates change and affect total population.
What are the birth and death rates like in Stage 1 of the DTM?
Both high — high birth rates and high death rates keep the total population low.
Why does total population rise rapidly in Stage 2 of the DTM?
Birth rates remain high while death rates decrease due to better diet, healthcare, lower infant mortality and clean water.
In Stage 5 of the DTM, total population slowly declines as the death rate ______ the birth rate.
In Stage 5 of the DTM, total population slowly declines as the death rate exceeds the birth rate.
Define a population pyramid.
A graph, also called an age structure diagram, showing the distribution of a population across age groups and between males and females.
What shape of population pyramid do the least developed countries such as Niger have?
A concave shape, indicating a high birth rate, low life expectancy and a dominant young dependent population.
What shape of population pyramid do developed countries such as the USA have?
A column shape, indicating a decreasing birth rate, increasing life expectancy and low infant mortality.
True or False?
As a country develops, the birth rate increases.
False.
As a country develops the birth rate decreases, due to contraception, family planning, lower infant mortality and more opportunities for women.
Why does the death rate fall as a country develops?
Because of improvements in healthcare, availability of medicines, and better diet and food supply.
In Stage 5 the death rate rises slightly as a result of the ______ population.
In Stage 5 the death rate rises slightly as a result of the ageing population.
In which stages of the DTM is the population youthful, with large numbers of dependent children?
Stages 1 and 2.
In which stages of the DTM does a dependent ageing population develop?
Stages 4 and 5, as the number of older people increases.
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