Define labour drain .

When skilled workers migrate elsewhere , leaving unskilled or no workers behind in the local area.

What is one major benefit of globalisation for people at the local level?

One major benefit of globalisation at the local level is that cheaper products are available for people, giving them greater choice and access to goods .

Skilled workers are in demand and benefit more from globalisation than .

Skilled workers are in demand and benefit more from globalisation than unskilled workers .

How do Transnational Corporations (TNCs) benefit host countries?

TNCs benefit host countries by bringing foreign direct investment (FDI), improving infrastructure, introducing technology and training, and providing employment for local people .

Profits from TNCs often out of the host country to the TNC’s home country, limiting local reinvestment.

Profits from TNCs often leak out of the host country to the TNC’s home country, limiting local reinvestment.

True or False? Nike’s investment in Vietnam has only negative effects for local workers.

False. While Nike’s investment in Vietnam has led to some negative effects such as low wages and poor conditions, it also provides regular employment, higher wages than traditional farming, and training in manufacturing .

Give one cost of globalisation to people at the local level .

Small local businesses cannot compete with global companies, and there can be worker exploitation and loss of cultural identity .

Define profit leakage .

When TNC profits are sent back to the home country rather than reinvested locally, limiting long-term benefits for the host country.

Define the multiplier effect of a TNC.

When a TNC locating in a place encourages other industries to grow around it , boosting the local economy.

Give two costs of a TNC to a host country.

TNCs often pay low wages with long hours and poor conditions , and their investment can disappear quickly if somewhere else becomes more profitable.

Which TNC is used as the case study, and where does it manufacture?

Nike , a US sportswear TNC, manufactures much of its clothing and footwear in Vietnam .

The ______ within individual countries is generally lower in more globalised countries.

The gender gap within individual countries is generally lower in more globalised countries.

Why is Vietnam attractive to Nike?

It offers lower labour costs , a large workforce and good access to global markets .

Define remittances in migration.

Remittances are money or goods that migrants send home , raising living standards for families and sometimes the wider origin community .

True or False? Migration usually causes large changes in a country's population size .

False. Most migration flows are too small relative to total population, so only large-scale international migration significantly alters a country’s population size .

A key negative impact on the origin is , where young adults leave and the area is left with an ageing population.

A key negative impact on the origin is rural depopulation , where young adults leave and the area is left with an ageing population.

Give two positive impacts of migration on the destination country .

Destination areas gain cultural fusion and an increased labour force , which can boost economic growth and help support ageing populations .

Define voluntary international migration .

Movement where people choose to cross an international border , often for better wages , job opportunities , or living conditions , rather than because of direct force.

A major negative impact of forced international migration is being housed in with overcrowding and increased risk of disease.

A major negative impact of forced international migration is being housed in camps with overcrowding and increased risk of disease.

The loss of vital skilled workers from the origin country when they migrate away.

Give two negative impacts of migration on the origin .

Rural depopulation and an ageing population , along with a loss of young adults from the labour force through brain drain .

Give one negative impact of migration on the destination .

Environmental pressures from deforestation and pollution, plus water and food shortages and pressure on healthcare and housing .

Give one positive impact of voluntary international migration for the migrant.

Higher wages with better job security , along with a wider choice of jobs and the ability to support family through remittances .

A positive impact of forced internal migration can be ______ from hazards or conflict.

A positive impact of forced internal migration can be safety from hazards or conflict.

True or False? Voluntary internal migration always improves access to facilities.

False. It can bring poorer or slum housing and limited access to facilities , sometimes requiring travel to see a health professional.

Time spent away from the home environment for leisure, business or professional reasons .

Give two reasons why global tourism has grown in the last 50 years.

Growth is due to higher disposable incomes and cheaper, faster transport , alongside more paid leave and easier border crossing .

Define positive environmental impacts of tourism.

Benefits where tourism protects or improves the environment , such as funding conservation , repairing damage , and preserving key areas or species .

True or False? Tourism only damages the environment and never helps conservation.

False. Tourism can fund conservation , raise awareness of nature areas and preserve species , as well as causing environmental damage.

Define positive social impacts of tourism.

Benefits to people and communities , such as reviving local skills , valuing heritage , improving infrastructure , and expanding social facilities .

Tourist centres can encourage , , and other negative social behaviours.

Tourist centres can encourage crime , prostitution , and other negative social behaviours.

What is one positive and one negative economic impact of tourism?

Positive: Creates jobs and brings tax revenue . Negative: jobs are often low-paid, seasonal and profits leak to large foreign businesses.

Tourism can create a multiplier effect by supporting industries such as agriculture and services.

Tourism can create a multiplier effect by supporting primary industries such as agriculture and tertiary services.

Give two negative environmental impacts of tourism.

Deforestation for hotel development, which can increase soil erosion , and greenhouse gas emissions from flights.

Roughly ______ people become international tourists every year, before the Covid pandemic.

Roughly 900 million people become international tourists every year, before the Covid pandemic.

Give two negative social impacts of tourism.

Loss of locally owned land and visitor congestion at key locations, plus tourist behaviour that can offend local people .

Define economic leakage in tourism.

When money spent by tourists leaves the local economy, often because it goes to big foreign businesses rather than local people.

How does tourism support the quaternary sector?

Through research and development to improve facilities for tourists and to support management.

True or False? Major international events like the Olympics can improve local infrastructure.

True. Major international events can have a positive local and national effect , including improved infrastructure .

IGCSEGeographyEdexcelFlashcardsGlobalisation & MigrationImpacts of Globalisation

Impacts of Globalisation (Edexcel IGCSE Geography): Flashcards

Exam code: 4GE1

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Define labour drain.

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Cards in this collection (39)

Define labour drain.
When skilled workers migrate elsewhere, leaving unskilled or no workers behind in the local area.
What is one major benefit of globalisation for people at the local level?
One major benefit of globalisation at the local level is that cheaper products are available for people, giving them greater choice and access to goods.
Skilled workers are in demand and benefit more from globalisation than .
Skilled workers are in demand and benefit more from globalisation than unskilled workers.
How do Transnational Corporations (TNCs) benefit host countries?
TNCs benefit host countries by bringing foreign direct investment (FDI), improving infrastructure, introducing technology and training, and providing employment for local people.
Profits from TNCs often out of the host country to the TNC’s home country, limiting local reinvestment.
Profits from TNCs often leak out of the host country to the TNC’s home country, limiting local reinvestment.
True or False?
Nike’s investment in Vietnam has only negative effects for local workers.
False.
While Nike’s investment in Vietnam has led to some negative effects such as low wages and poor conditions, it also provides regular employment, higher wages than traditional farming, and training in manufacturing.
Give one cost of globalisation to people at the local level.
Small local businesses cannot compete with global companies, and there can be worker exploitation and loss of cultural identity.
Define profit leakage.
When TNC profits are sent back to the home country rather than reinvested locally, limiting long-term benefits for the host country.
Define the multiplier effect of a TNC.
When a TNC locating in a place encourages other industries to grow around it, boosting the local economy.
Give two costs of a TNC to a host country.
TNCs often pay low wages with long hours and poor conditions, and their investment can disappear quickly if somewhere else becomes more profitable.
Which TNC is used as the case study, and where does it manufacture?
Nike, a US sportswear TNC, manufactures much of its clothing and footwear in Vietnam.
The ______ within individual countries is generally lower in more globalised countries.
The gender gap within individual countries is generally lower in more globalised countries.
Why is Vietnam attractive to Nike?
It offers lower labour costs, a large workforce and good access to global markets.
Define remittances in migration.
Remittances are money or goods that migrants send home, raising living standards for families and sometimes the wider origin community.
True or False?
Migration usually causes large changes in a country's population size.
False.
Most migration flows are too small relative to total population, so only large-scale international migration significantly alters a country’s population size.
A key negative impact on the origin is , where young adults leave and the area is left with an ageing population.
A key negative impact on the origin is rural depopulation, where young adults leave and the area is left with an ageing population.
Give two positive impacts of migration on the destination country.
Destination areas gain cultural fusion and an increased labour force, which can boost economic growth and help support ageing populations.
Define voluntary international migration.
Movement where people choose to cross an international border, often for better wages, job opportunities, or living conditions, rather than because of direct force.
A major negative impact of forced international migration is being housed in with overcrowding and increased risk of disease.
A major negative impact of forced international migration is being housed in camps with overcrowding and increased risk of disease.
Define brain drain.
The loss of vital skilled workers from the origin country when they migrate away.
Give two negative impacts of migration on the origin.
Rural depopulation and an ageing population, along with a loss of young adults from the labour force through brain drain.
Give one negative impact of migration on the destination.
Environmental pressures from deforestation and pollution, plus water and food shortages and pressure on healthcare and housing.
Give one positive impact of voluntary international migration for the migrant.
Higher wages with better job security, along with a wider choice of jobs and the ability to support family through remittances.
A positive impact of forced internal migration can be ______ from hazards or conflict.
A positive impact of forced internal migration can be safety from hazards or conflict.
True or False?
Voluntary internal migration always improves access to facilities.
False.
It can bring poorer or slum housing and limited access to facilities, sometimes requiring travel to see a health professional.
Define tourism.
Time spent away from the home environment for leisure, business or professional reasons.
Give two reasons why global tourism has grown in the last 50 years.
Growth is due to higher disposable incomes and cheaper, faster transport, alongside more paid leave and easier border crossing.
Define positive environmental impacts of tourism.
Benefits where tourism protects or improves the environment, such as funding conservation, repairing damage, and preserving key areas or species.
True or False?
Tourism only damages the environment and never helps conservation.
False.
Tourism can fund conservation, raise awareness of nature areas and preserve species, as well as causing environmental damage.
Define positive social impacts of tourism.
Benefits to people and communities, such as reviving local skills, valuing heritage, improving infrastructure, and expanding social facilities.
Tourist centres can encourage , , and other negative social behaviours.
Tourist centres can encourage crime, prostitution, and other negative social behaviours.
What is one positive and one negative economic impact of tourism?
Positive: Creates jobs and brings tax revenue. Negative: jobs are often low-paid, seasonal and profits leak to large foreign businesses.
Tourism can create a multiplier effect by supporting industries such as agriculture and services.
Tourism can create a multiplier effect by supporting primary industries such as agriculture and tertiary services.
Give two negative environmental impacts of tourism.
Deforestation for hotel development, which can increase soil erosion, and greenhouse gas emissions from flights.
Roughly ______ people become international tourists every year, before the Covid pandemic.
Roughly 900 million people become international tourists every year, before the Covid pandemic.
Give two negative social impacts of tourism.
Loss of locally owned land and visitor congestion at key locations, plus tourist behaviour that can offend local people.
Define economic leakage in tourism.
When money spent by tourists leaves the local economy, often because it goes to big foreign businesses rather than local people.
How does tourism support the quaternary sector?
Through research and development to improve facilities for tourists and to support management.
True or False?
Major international events like the Olympics can improve local infrastructure.
True.
Major international events can have a positive local and national effect, including improved infrastructure.

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