Management of Rural Environments (Edexcel IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 4GE1
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Besides leisure activities, how can farms diversify using their buildings and land?
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Besides leisure activities, how can farms diversify using their buildings and land?
By providing accommodation — converting barns and outbuildings into holiday cottages and using fields as camping or caravan sites.
Define farm diversification.
Farm diversification is when farms undertake additional activities to raise income beyond traditional farming, such as providing tourism, leisure or food processing services.
True or False?
Mechanisation has decreased the need for labour on farms in developed countries.
True.
Mechanisation has allowed machines to do work that was previously done by people, reducing the need for labour on farms.
Farming is becoming less profitable because the cost of such as machinery is higher than the profits from .
Farming is becoming less profitable because the cost of inputs such as machinery is higher than the profits from outputs.
Name two examples of leisure activities that farms may offer as part of diversification.
Examples include horse riding, alpaca walking, hunting and shooting, off-roading, and mountain biking.
What is a Genetically Modified (GM) crop?
A Genetically Modified (GM) crop is a plant that has had genes from another species inserted to give it beneficial traits such as higher yields or pest resistance.
The UK's first ______ plantation, an example of a specialist crop, is in Cornwall.
The UK's first tea plantation, an example of a specialist crop, is in Cornwall.
Define organic farming.
Farming where crops are grown without artificial pesticides, herbicides or fertilisers and livestock are given antibiotics only when medically necessary.
What percentage of the UK's GDP does farming now create?
1%.
Name one argument in favour of GM crops.
They increase crop yields (or improve food quality, reduce pesticide use, lower food costs, or reduce food waste).
Give one argument against GM crops.
There are no long-term studies on impacts on human health, with concerns over allergic reactions and antibiotic resistance.
All diversification requires an investment of ______.
All diversification requires an investment of capital.
Why can specialist crops and livestock increase a farm's profits?
They sell for higher prices.
True or False?
Organic farming is often less productive than conventional farming.
True.
Organic farming may be less productive, but the higher price farmers receive compensates for the lower yield.
Define commercial horticulture.
Commercial horticulture is the large-scale production of flowers, fruit and vegetables for sale, often for export, which can increase GDP and create jobs but may negatively impact local food supplies and the environment.
How can tourism both help and harm rural sustainability in Kenya?
Tourism can help rural sustainability by creating jobs and improving infrastructure, but it can also be harmful when profits go to foreign companies, jobs are low paid, and mass tourism damages the environment and wildlife.
The use of , terracing, cover crops and agroforestry can help improve soil quality.
The use of organic fertilisers, terracing, cover crops and agroforestry can help improve soil quality.
What are two ways to improve water supplies for rural communities in Kenya?
Building wells or boreholes to ensure access to clean water and using drip irrigation to avoid waste can both improve water supplies for rural communities.
Sustainable management of rural areas can help to reduce -urban migration and .
Sustainable management of rural areas can help to reduce rural-urban migration and rural depopulation.
True or False?
Sustainable management of rural areas in developing countries only focuses on increasing food supplies.
False.
Sustainable management aims to increase food supplies, improve the environment, increase employment and improve water supplies, not just food production.
Which two cash crops has agriculture in Kenya especially shifted towards?
Tea and coffee.
How can air quality be improved in rural Kenya?
By reducing the use of fuelwood through increasing renewable energy sources and using solar cookers.
The use of manure, drip irrigation and ______ crops can increase crop yields and reduce food shortages.
The use of manure, drip irrigation and drought-resistant crops can increase crop yields and reduce food shortages.
How can employment be increased sustainably in rural Kenya?
By encouraging small businesses with grants and loans and increasing ecotourism that involves the local community.
Why does commercial horticulture reduce food available for Kenyans?
Local farmers are persuaded to sell their land, so the production of food for Kenyans decreases, leading to food shortages.
True or False?
Rural areas in Kenya are currently economically, socially and environmentally sustainable.
False.
Rural areas in Kenya are not currently economically, socially or environmentally sustainable.
Define stakeholder in rural change.
A stakeholder in rural change is any individual, group, or organisation with an interest or role in managing sustainable rural areas, such as governments, NGOs, or local communities.
Which government department in the UK is responsible for rural affairs and helps fund sustainable rural development?
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) is responsible for rural affairs in the UK and helps fund sustainable rural development through schemes like the Rural Development Programme for England (RDPE).
True or False?
Intergovernmental organisations such as the World Bank and IFAD support sustainable rural change in Kenya by funding transport and agricultural projects.
True.
Intergovernmental organisations like the World Bank and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) support Kenyan rural change by funding transport improvements and loans for small-scale farmers.
The Upper Tana Catchment project in Kenya aims to reduce rural poverty by empowering communities to manage resources, improve incomes, and increase access to .
The Upper Tana Catchment project in Kenya aims to reduce rural poverty by empowering communities to manage resources, improve incomes, and increase access to sustainable water sources.
Define Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO).
A non-profit organisation that operates independently of government, working to make rural areas sustainable.
Which UK NGO is one of the country's largest landowners, managing over 1,000 farms?
The National Trust.
What does the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) do in Kenya?
It gives loans to small-scale farmers.
Kenya's agricultural development strategy for 2010-2020 aimed to achieve agricultural growth of ______ annually.
Kenya's agricultural development strategy for 2010-2020 aimed to achieve agricultural growth of 7 per cent annually.
How much did the Upper Tana Catchment natural resource management project cost?
US$69 million.
Which NGOs work to provide clean water and sanitation in rural Kenya?
WaterAid and Water.org.
True or False?
The Upper Tana Catchment project led to an increase in the use of fuelwood.
False.
The project led to a 40% decrease in the use of fuelwood.
Following the Upper Tana project, approximately ______ people now have access to clean water.
Following the Upper Tana project, approximately 115,000 people now have access to clean water.
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