Impacts of Economic Sectors on Resources (Edexcel IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 4GE1
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Define deindustrialisation.
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Cards in this collection (39)
Define deindustrialisation.
Deindustrialisation is the process by which an economy shifts away from secondary (manufacturing) industries towards tertiary (services) and quaternary sectors.
What stage of the Clark-Fisher model is the UK currently in?
The UK is in the post-industrial stage of the Clark-Fisher model.
In 2021, over of people in the UK were employed in tertiary economic activities.
In 2021, over 70% of people in the UK were employed in tertiary economic activities.
Which economic sector employs the largest percentage of Kenya's population?
The primary economic sector (agriculture) employs the largest percentage of Kenya's population.
Kenya is in the stage of the Clark-Fisher model.
Kenya is in the pre-industrial stage of the Clark-Fisher model.
What major economic change occurred in China after 1978?
After 1978, China opened up to trade and invested heavily in manufacturing, shifting employment from primary to secondary and tertiary sectors.
Define transnational corporation (TNC).
A transnational corporation (TNC) is a company that operates in more than one country.
Investment in , airports, ports and other has been a positive impact of economic sector shifts in both the UK and China.
Investment in roads, airports, ports and other infrastructure has been a positive impact of economic sector shifts in both the UK and China.
China is in the ______ stage of the Clark-Fisher model.
China is in the industrial stage of the Clark-Fisher model.
In the UK, where were job losses from deindustrialisation particularly concentrated?
In the north of the UK, causing deprivation in inner cities such as Liverpool and Leeds.
What has been a major environmental impact of China's sector shift?
Increased air, water and noise pollution, and greater reliance on fossil fuels, making China one of the world's largest CO2 emitters.
What negative impact has increased rural-urban migration caused in Kenya?
The development of informal settlements.
True or False?
Deindustrialisation in the UK has led to improvements in the environment and decreased pollution.
True.
Deindustrialisation reduced heavy industry, improving the environment and decreasing levels of pollution.
Define informal employment.
Informal employment is any unregulated and unofficial work, often without legal protection or employment rights.
What proportion of Dhaka’s population is estimated to work in the informal sector?
Over 75% of Dhaka’s population is estimated to work in informal employment.
Dhaka is the capital of . It is a megacity with a population of people.
Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. It is a megacity with a population of 22.5 million people.
Name two examples of informal jobs in Dhaka.
Examples include rickshaw drivers and waste related workers.
Define underemployment.
Underemployment is when a person has work but is not working as many hours as they want to.
List three common causes of informal employment.
Common causes include tax avoidance, lack of qualifications and rural-urban migration.
Most informal employment is in the sector, such as shoe shining, rubbish collecting, and selling fruit on the .
Most informal employment is in the tertiary sector, such as shoe shining, rubbish collecting, and selling fruit on the street.
What are two impacts of informal employment on workers?
Workers in informal employment often have no healthcare benefits and are exposed to health or safety risks.
Children working in the informal economy may miss out on and can be exposed to .
Children working in the informal economy may miss out on school and can be exposed to health risks, drugs, violence and crime.
How does informal employment affect government tax revenue?
Governments collect less tax because informal jobs are not official and are often unreported.
True or False?
Most informal employment in megacities like Dhaka is regulated by the government.
False.
Informal employment is unregulated and unofficial.
Why do many informal workers in Dhaka live in informal settlements?
Many informal workers have low and unstable incomes, so they cannot afford formal housing and live in informal settlements.
Define paratransit.
Paratransit refers to informal, non-official transport services, such as rickshaws and tuk-tuks, which are not part of the formal public transport system.
True or False?
Paratransit in cities only has positive impacts on urban life.
False.
Paratransit can cause congestion and extra pollution if motorised, negatively impacting urban life.
Define Boserup's theory.
Boserup's theory is an optimistic view that suggests population growth will stimulate technological advances and more efficient use of resources, increasing food production to meet demand.
According to Ester Boserup, what effect does population growth have on food production?
According to Boserup, population growth stimulates technological developments, leading to increased food production.
Boserup's theory suggests that as population grows, will be discovered or used to increase food production.
Boserup's theory suggests that as population grows, more efficient resources will be discovered or used to increase food production.
Define Malthusian catastrophe.
A Malthusian catastrophe is a situation where population growth outpaces food supply, resulting in famine, disease, or war to reduce the population.
What are positive checks in Malthus's theory?
Positive checks are factors that increase the death rate such as famine, disease, or war, which restore the balance between population and resources.
Malthus believed that population grows faster than , eventually leading to shortages.
Malthus believed that population grows faster than food supply, eventually leading to shortages.
True or False?
Neo-Malthusians believe that population control is unnecessary in the modern world.
False.
Neo-Malthusians argue that population control is essential to avoid a Malthusian catastrophe as resources become limited.
Define carrying capacity.
Carrying capacity is the maximum population that an area's resources can sustainably support.
The population that results in the highest standard of living is called the .
The population that results in the highest standard of living is called the optimum population.
What is population pressure and when does it occur?
Population pressure occurs when the population exceeds the carrying capacity of an area, leading to resource shortages.
Define finite resources.
Finite resources are resources that are limited in quantity and cannot be replaced once they are used up, such as fossil fuels.
According to Boserup, resources will eventually replace non-renewable resources as population increases.
According to Boserup, renewable resources will eventually replace non-renewable resources as population increases.
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