Development & Human Welfare (Edexcel IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 4GE1
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- FrontDefining Development
Define development.
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Cards in this collection (35)
Define development.
The progress or improvements a country makes that improve people's lives and make the country more independent.
True or False?
Development is a smooth, continuous process.
False.
Development can be slowed, halted or even reversed by factors such as war, disease, disasters and economic recession.
Name three factors that can slow, halt or reverse development.
War/conflict, disease, disasters and economic recession.
Define the strands of development.
The different areas in which a country progresses, not just wealth — economic, demographic, social, cultural, political and environmental.
Economic development depends on resources, internal boosters and ______.
Economic development depends on resources, internal boosters and external boosters.
Define external boosters.
Influences from outside a country that boost economic development, such as TNCs, globalisation and international agencies.
What three groups are countries placed in by level of development?
Developed (very high human development), Emerging (high or medium), and Developing (low human development).
How does the cycle of wealth support development?
As the economy grows, people earn more, so the government collects more taxes and people have more disposable income; these taxes and business profits are reinvested in growth, infrastructure, education and healthcare.
A stable and effective ______ also helps to lead to development.
A stable and effective government also helps to lead to development.
Define human welfare.
A person's quality of life — their overall well-being, including physical, social, economic and psychological components.
What four types of component make up quality of life?
Physical, social, economic and psychological components.
Define the development gap.
The difference in levels of development between the least developed and most developed countries in the world.
How many main stages of development does the UN identify?
Four main stages of development.
What is another name for emerging economies?
Newly industrialised countries (NICs).
To be classed as a least developed country, a nation must have a Gross National Income below ______.
To be classed as a least developed country, a nation must have a Gross National Income below US$1,018.
Name two examples of countries that have become emerging economies.
Any two of: Singapore, South Korea, Brazil, China, India.
True or False?
Landlocked countries generally develop faster than coastal countries.
False.
Landlocked countries find trade more difficult and so often develop more slowly.
Define natural resources.
The things provided by the physical environment, such as water, forests, fossil fuels, soil, rocks, minerals and animals.
Water, food and ______ security are vital to support a country's development.
Water, food and energy security are vital to support a country's development.
What is the internet penetration rate?
The number of people using the internet in a country.
How does mechanisation of farming affect development?
It increases yields, improving food security and supporting development.
Under which type of government are development and human welfare greatest?
A democratically elected government.
Corrupt governments do not invest in a country's ______ or in improving quality of life.
Corrupt governments do not invest in a country's development or in improving quality of life.
Define GDP per capita.
The total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year, divided by its population.
Define infant mortality rate.
The number of children per 1,000 who die below the age of 1.
Why can GDP per capita hide inequality within a country?
It is an average, so the variation in wealth is hidden — two countries with the same GDP per capita can have very different distributions of wealth.
In developed countries literacy rates average 96%, whereas in less-developed countries they average ______.
In developed countries literacy rates average 96%, whereas in less-developed countries they average 65%.
Define the Human Development Index (HDI).
A combined measure of average achievement in health, education and standard of living.
Between which two values is HDI scored?
0 to 1 — the higher the HDI, the higher the level of development and quality of life.
Which measure of income does HDI use in its calculation?
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.
What does the Gini coefficient index measure?
The distribution of wealth within a country, identifying where wealth distribution is most unequal.
True or False?
A high Gini coefficient value means wealth is distributed more equally.
False.
A high value means the distribution of wealth is unequal; a low value means it is more equal.
______ scores 180 countries out of 100 based on levels of public sector corruption.
Transparency International scores 180 countries out of 100 based on levels of public sector corruption.
On Transparency International's index, what does a higher score indicate?
Less corruption has been found.
Name three commonly used measures of development.
Any three of: literacy, life expectancy, infant mortality, GDP.
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