Management of Coasts (Edexcel IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 4GE1
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Why is careful management of coastal regions necessary for sustainability?
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Why is careful management of coastal regions necessary for sustainability?
Careful management of coastal regions is necessary for sustainability because it helps balance human activities such as development, industry, and tourism with the need to conserve natural environments and resources for future generations.
Coastal environments often face for space between development and conservation efforts.
Coastal environments often face competition for space between development and conservation efforts.
Define stakeholders.
In the context of coastal management, stakeholders are individuals or groups who use or are affected by the coast, each with different needs or priorities.
Why do conflicts often arise between coastal stakeholders?
Conflicts arise because different stakeholders have competing needs or priorities, such as wildlife needing quiet habitats, while developers and tourists want to build facilities and attractions.
Increased agriculture in coastal areas can lead to and , both of which harm natural ecosystems.
Increased agriculture in coastal areas can lead to eutrophication and coastal squeeze, both of which harm natural ecosystems.
True or False?
Tourism and recreation in coastal areas can increase pollution and lead to habitat loss.
True.
Tourism and recreation often result in waste disposal, fuel spillages, and changes in land use, which can cause pollution and habitat loss.
When does conflict arise between development and conservation at the coast?
When coastal development is given a higher priority than coastal conservation.
The level of conflict between coastal users can be displayed using a ______.
The level of conflict between coastal users can be displayed using a conflict matrix.
What kind of environment does wildlife need as a coastal stakeholder?
An unpolluted, safe and quiet environment.
True or False?
Industry in the coastal zone can cause thermal pollution.
True.
Coastal industry, including power stations using cooling water, can cause thermal pollution along with eutrophication and habitat loss.
Fisheries and aquaculture in the coastal zone can lead to ______ and pollution on beaches.
Fisheries and aquaculture in the coastal zone can lead to overfishing and pollution on beaches.
Define storm surge.
A storm surge is a rapid rise in sea level caused by really low-pressure storms, such as tropical storms.
True or False?
The worst coastal flooding arises from a combination of factors such as storm surges, king tides, and high river discharge.
True.
The worst flooding occurs when multiple factors such as storm surges, king tides, and high river discharge happen together, overwhelming coastal defences.
Sea level rise due to increases the risk of coastal flooding, especially in countries.
Sea level rise due to global warming increases the risk of coastal flooding, especially in developing countries.
Define early warning system.
An early warning system is a method of providing advance notice to communities about potential flooding, allowing them to prepare, evacuate or take shelter before the event occurs.
What are two main methods used to forecast coastal flooding?
Two main methods to forecast coastal flooding are using records of past events (such as diaries, newspapers, government records) and modern technology like GIS, satellite and computer monitoring, and weather stations.
Actions to prevent coastal flooding include , centres, and creating zones to absorb flood waters.
Actions to prevent coastal flooding include flood defences, emergency centres, and creating buffer zones to absorb flood waters.
Define storm tide.
A storm tide occurs when a high tide combines with a low-pressure storm.
What causes a tsunami?
An underwater earthquake, which produces large waves.
When high river discharge combines with a spring tide, water in the estuary cannot discharge into the sea, causing a ______ of water and flooding.
When high river discharge combines with a spring tide, water in the estuary cannot discharge into the sea, causing a backflow of water and flooding.
How does a buffer zone reduce coastal flooding?
It lets an area of land flood first, allowing the energy in the surge to dissipate and slowing how far the floodwater travels.
True or False?
Dry floodproofing allows some flooding of a building.
False.
Dry floodproofing seals a property so floodwater cannot enter; wet floodproofing allows some flooding of the building.
Define hard engineering in coastal management.
Hard engineering involves building sea defences such as concrete, wood or rock structures to protect coasts from wave action, often at high cost and with maintenance needs.
What is the main disadvantage of using hard engineering methods on the coastline?
The main disadvantage is that hard engineering structures are expensive to build and maintain, and they can cause faster erosion or flooding in other areas of the coast.
A is a wall, usually made of concrete and curved outwards to deflect the power of the waves.
A sea wall is a wall, usually made of concrete and curved outwards to deflect the power of the waves.
What is soft engineering in the context of coastal management?
Soft engineering works with natural processes rather than against them, using methods like beach replenishment or dune stabilisation to protect the coast.
Define Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is an approach that uses a combination of soft and hard engineering methods to meet the needs of various stakeholders along the coast.
Pumping or dumping sand and shingle onto a beach to replace eroded material is called .
Pumping or dumping sand and shingle onto a beach to replace eroded material is called beach replenishment.
What are the four approaches outlined in a Shoreline Management Plan (SMP)?
The four approaches are Hold the line, Advance the line, Managed realignment, and Do nothing.
The approach where the coastline is allowed to move naturally, with monitoring and direction as necessary, is called .
The approach where the coastline is allowed to move naturally, with monitoring and direction as necessary, is called managed realignment.
What is a coastal cell and why is it useful in coastal management?
A coastal cell is a section of coastline managed as a unit, which helps assess erosion and flooding risks and allocate resources effectively.
Define cost-benefit analysis in coastal management.
Cost-benefit analysis is a process for comparing the costs of a coastal management scheme with the economic benefits of protecting land, settlements, or infrastructure.
Where is the Holderness Coastline located, and what makes it significant in terms of erosion?
The Holderness Coastline is on the East Coast of Yorkshire, England, and is Europe's fastest-eroding coastline, retreating at up to 2 metres per year.
At , a 4.7 km long sea wall has been constructed to protect the coast.
At Bridlington, a 4.7 km long sea wall has been constructed to protect the coast.
True or False?
The use of groynes at Mappleton has decreased erosion rates to the south at Great Cowden.
False.
The use of groynes at Mappleton has increased erosion rates to the south at Great Cowden by preventing sediment from moving down the coast.
Groynes are built at right angles to the shore and work by beach material being moved by longshore drift.
Groynes are built at right angles to the shore and work by trapping beach material being moved by longshore drift.
What is one disadvantage of using beach replenishment as a soft engineering method?
Beach replenishment needs to be repeated regularly, which is expensive, and it can affect sediment transport along the coast.
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