The Globalised World (Edexcel IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 4GE1
1/420Still learning
Know0
Define globalisation.
Was this flashcard helpful?
Cards in this collection (42)
Define globalisation.
The process by which countries become more interconnected through trade, culture, politics, tourism, communications and shared environmental impacts such as global warming.
What is meant by a shrinking world in globalisation?
A shrinking world describes how improved transport and communications make distant places feel closer, enabling instantaneous trade and more frequent interactions.
The main drivers of globalisation are modern networks and advances in .
The main drivers of globalisation are modern transport networks and advances in information technology.
What are the five main global network flows in the production chain?
The five main global network flows are trade, aid, foreign investment, labour and information.
Define commodity chain.
A commodity chain is the global pathway along which goods move from producers through various stages of production to consumers, with value added at each stage.
True or False?
Global trade benefits developing, emerging and developed countries equally.
False.
Developed countries usually gain more, while many developing and emerging countries receive low prices for exports, so global trade is often unequal.
Define foreign direct investment (FDI).
FDI is when a firm or individual from one country makes a long-term investment in another country, such as building factories or infrastructure.
Companies that operate in more than one country are called .
Companies that operate in more than one country are called transnational corporations.
Define economies of scale.
The way the cost per item falls when goods are produced on a large scale, making global production cheaper despite the distances involved.
What is aid as a global network flow?
The transfer of resources from one country to another to help with development or after a disaster.
Large container ships reduce transport costs, so goods can be moved longer distances more ______.
Large container ships reduce transport costs, so goods can be moved longer distances more quickly.
Which country is the main area for manufacturing goods for the world?
China is the main area, where investment is made to produce goods that are then shipped back to the original country.
True or False?
Foreign investment can only ever be monetary.
False.
Investment can also be in people, research or products, not just money.
Define trade bloc.
A group of countries, such as the European Union, that reduce barriers to trade between members to make trade easier and increase it overall.
Define World Bank.
An international financial institution that provides low-interest loans, grants, and advice to developing countries to support development projects and reduce poverty.
What types of projects does the World Bank mainly fund?
It funds development assistance projects such as dams, infrastructure, and health and education schemes that many developing countries otherwise could not afford.
Define World Trade Organisation (WTO).
An inter-governmental organisation that aims to reduce trade barriers and promote free trade between member countries, helping to shape globalisation.
True or False?
The WTO and IMF are key IGOs leading global trade and investment.
True.
Both the WTO and IMF are major inter-governmental organisations that influence global trade, foreign investment, and the wider global economy.
A non-governmental organisation (NGO) is non-profit and functions of any particular government.
A non-governmental organisation (NGO) is non-profit and functions independently of any particular government.
What are two key roles of the United Nations (UN)?
The UN helps maintain international peace and security and protect human rights, while also promoting sustainable development and delivering humanitarian aid.
Define International Monetary Fund (IMF).
A global financial institution that promotes monetary stability, allows currency exchange, and gives financial assistance and advice to member countries, especially in crisis.
Transnational corporations (TNCs) prioritise of their business and are not always to the values of host countries.
Transnational corporations (TNCs) prioritise expansion of their business and are not always loyal to the values of host countries.
How is the IMF funded?
Through quota subscriptions, where each member country pays in an amount based on the size of its economy.
The IMF has been criticised for lending with imposed ______, such as telling a country how to run its economy.
The IMF has been criticised for lending with imposed conditions, such as telling a country how to run its economy.
Give two examples of well-known NGOs.
The Red Cross and Médecins Sans Frontières are well-known NGOs, along with the Salvation Army and Amnesty International.
True or False?
The United Nations is a non-governmental organisation.
False.
The UN is an inter-governmental organisation (IGO) because it is a governing body, not an NGO.
State two ways the WTO has affected global trade.
It has lowered trade barriers and tariffs and increased trade among its member countries.
Define transnational corporation (TNC).
A company that operates in foreign countries individually, without a centralised management system, and provides most foreign direct investment.
Define circular migration.
Migration where people move temporarily with no intention of permanent settlement, often for work, study, medical treatment or tourism, then return home.
University and seasonal are common examples of circular migrants.
University students and seasonal workers are common examples of circular migrants.
Define refugee.
A refugee lives outside their country due to well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, political opinion or social group.
How does an asylum seeker differ from a refugee?
An asylum seeker is a refugee who has applied for protection or citizenship in the country where they have sought safety.
Define forced migration.
Migration where a person has no choice but to leave their home due to natural hazards, war, persecution or ethnic cleansing.
What is the push-pull mechanism in migration?
It explains migration using push factors that drive people from their origin and pull factors that attract them to a destination.
True or False?
Modern communications and transport can increase migration.
True.
Mass media show life elsewhere and fast, cheap transport plus relaxed borders make moving easier and more attractive.
Define voluntary migration.
The free choice to move home, internally or internationally, usually for economic reasons such as work, higher wages or improved lifestyle.
What is the difference between a push factor and a pull factor?
A push factor is the reality driving a migrant from their origin; a pull factor is the perceived outcome attracting them to a destination.
Define internally displaced person (IDP).
A person forced to flee their home who does not cross an international border.
A ______ is a refugee, asylum seeker or IDP who has voluntarily returned to their own country or home.
A returnee is a refugee, asylum seeker or IDP who has voluntarily returned to their own country or home.
What are the most common reasons for forced migration?
War and persecution, for example the Syrian civil war, which has forcibly displaced more than half the country's population.
Define ethnic cleansing.
Forcing out entire groups or communities from a country, as when the Hutus attempted to wipe out the Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994.
What is retirement migration?
A form of voluntary migration where pensioners move elsewhere, often for a warmer climate or to downsize into a cheaper home.
Sign up to unlock flashcards
or