Management of Urban Environments (Edexcel IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 4GE1
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Define rural-urban fringe.
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Cards in this collection (39)
Define rural-urban fringe.
The rural-urban fringe is the area where green, open spaces meet the built-up areas of towns and cities.
What is one push factor for people or businesses moving to the rural-urban fringe?
One push factor is that housing in the city is often old, congested, and relatively expensive.
Industrial estates on the urban fringe are built in areas with land and purpose-built road networks.
Industrial estates on the urban fringe are built in areas with cheaper land and purpose-built road networks.
True or False?
Science parks are often located close to universities and transport networks.
True.
Science parks are purpose-built to encourage R&D and benefit from proximity to universities and good transport links.
Define greenfield site.
A greenfield site is undeveloped land, usually on the urban fringe, that has not been built on before.
Define brownfield site.
A brownfield site is land that has previously been developed, often in urban areas, and is now available for redevelopment.
State one advantage of building on a brownfield site.
One advantage of brownfield sites is that they help revive old and disused urban areas.
What is one disadvantage of developing greenfield sites?
One disadvantage is that valuable farmland and wildlife habitats may be lost.
Brownfield sites are often more expensive to develop because old buildings must be cleared and the land made of pollution.
Brownfield sites are often more expensive to develop because old buildings must be cleared and the land made free of pollution.
A planned and protected can prevent development and protect open space around a city.
A planned and protected greenbelt can prevent development and protect open space around a city.
Where is Nursling Industrial Park located in relation to Southampton's transport connections?
Nursling Industrial Park is located beside the M271 motorway, providing good access for distribution and storage businesses.
Name one benefit that attracts businesses to Southampton Science Park.
Businesses are attracted by the strategic location, quality of environment, and access to leading scientific expertise at the University of Southampton.
Define urban environmental sustainability.
Urban environmental sustainability is managing all aspects of a city, such as food, energy, waste, green spaces, transport, and infrastructure, to protect the environment and improve quality of life.
How does investing in public transport contribute to environmental sustainability in cities?
Investing in public transport reduces pollution and congestion by providing efficient, safe alternatives to private car use.
Many cities use charges to discourage driving in city centres and reduce pollution.
Many cities use congestion charges to discourage driving in city centres and reduce pollution.
What are two features of an Ecotown development?
An Ecotown has homes with energy-saving measures (such as triple-glazed windows and solar panels) and green spaces to enhance wildlife.
Bristol was the UK's first city to promote , investing in dedicated lanes and supporting bike projects.
Bristol was the UK's first city to promote cycling, investing in dedicated lanes and supporting bike projects.
True or False?
London's congestion charge has had no impact on pollution levels.
False.
London's congestion charge has reduced pollution by about 25% and stopped 13,500 cars a day entering the city centre.
How does car sharing benefit urban environments?
Car sharing reduces congestion and improves air quality in cities.
What is economic sustainability?
Economic sustainability means supporting economic growth without harming the environment, society, or culture.
Reducing the footprint of a business can involve recycling packaging and using renewable energy.
Reducing the carbon footprint of a business can involve recycling packaging and using renewable energy.
Why did Detroit, Michigan, file for bankruptcy in 2013?
Detroit filed for bankruptcy due to a declining population, rising unemployment, and a lack of property and income taxes.
Masdar City in Abu Dhabi is powered entirely by energy.
Masdar City in Abu Dhabi is powered entirely by renewable energy.
What is a unique requirement for residents of Masdar City regarding sustainability education?
All residents of Masdar City must undertake 5 hours of sustainability education each year.
True or False?
Singapore's economic growth did not depend on exports or refining imported goods.
False.
Singapore's economy depends heavily on exports and refining imported goods, especially in manufacturing.
Singapore was carefully after its independence to ensure future sustainability and economic growth.
Singapore was carefully planned after its independence to ensure future sustainability and economic growth.
What is social sustainability and why is it important for cities?
Social sustainability is managing economic and environmental factors to ensure a better quality of life for people living in cities.
A strategy for social sustainability is to use sites instead of greenfield sites for urban development.
A strategy for social sustainability is to use brownfield sites instead of greenfield sites for urban development.
Define informal settlement (slum).
An informal settlement (slum) is a densely populated urban area where housing and services are inadequate or lacking, often built without legal permission.
Name three management options for dealing with slums.
Three management options for slums are: bulldoze and clear away, redevelop, and improve using self-help or site-and-service schemes.
What was the main aim of Operation Murambatsvina in Zimbabwe?
The main aim of Operation Murambatsvina was to forcibly clear informal settlements across Zimbabwe, officially to crack down on illegal housing and reduce disease risk.
The Kenyan government and UN-Habitat created the programme to improve infrastructure and housing for slum dwellers in .
The Kenyan government and UN-Habitat created the Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP) programme to improve infrastructure and housing for slum dwellers in Kibera.
True or False?
Redevelopment of squatter areas always allows residents to stay in their homes.
False.
Redevelopment often involves evicting squatters and rebuilding the site, so residents may not be able to stay in their original homes.
How do self-help schemes improve squatter settlements?
Self-help schemes provide tools, training, and low-interest loans to residents so they can upgrade their homes and improve basic services themselves.
The Favela Bairro Project in Rio de Janeiro is an example of a scheme, where residents are provided with brick houses, water, and sanitation.
The Favela Bairro Project in Rio de Janeiro is an example of a site-and-service scheme, where residents are provided with brick houses, running water, and sanitation.
What is a stakeholder in urban management?
A stakeholder in urban management is someone with a particular interest in managing urban challenges, such as local planners, politicians, developers, employers, or residents.
Effective urban management relies on , , and good relationships between public and private enterprise.
Effective urban management relies on vision, capital, and good relationships between public and private enterprise.
At which level do international charities like OXFAM and CAFOD typically become involved in urban management?
International charities like OXFAM and CAFOD typically become involved at the international level to help improve basic amenities, infrastructure, and address issues such as food, education, and health.
Who has the most influence on resource management and decision-making for squatter settlements at the local level?
At the local level, city councils have the most influence on resource management and decision-making for squatter settlements.
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