The Rise & Characteristics of Urbanisation (Edexcel IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 4GE1
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Define urbanisation.
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Cards in this collection (40)
Define urbanisation.
Urbanisation is the process by which an increasing percentage of a country's population comes to live in towns and cities.
What is agglomeration in the context of urban development?
Agglomeration is when people gather together in one area to sell goods and live, leading to the development of small trading posts and villages.
As towns grow, they expand outwards through a process known as .
As towns grow, they expand outwards through a process known as suburbanisation.
What are dormitory settlements in urban geography?
Dormitory settlements are areas where residents mainly sleep but commute to work in a nearby town or city, maintaining links and using urban services.
Define counter-urbanisation.
Counter-urbanisation is the movement of people from an urban area into the surrounding rural region.
According to the UN, % of the world's population lived in urban areas in 2018, predicted to rise to % by 2050.
According to the UN, 55% of the world's population lived in urban areas in 2018, predicted to rise to 68% by 2050.
True or False?
Urban regeneration and urban re-imaging are the same process.
False.
Urban regeneration involves the revival of old urban areas by improving or rebuilding them, while urban re-imaging is about changing the image and reputation of an urban area.
What is the difference between natural increase and migration in terms of urban population growth?
Natural increase refers to the difference between the number of births and deaths, while migration is the movement of people into or out of an area.
Define urban regeneration.
Urban regeneration is the investment of capital in the revival of old urban areas, either by improving what is there or by clearing it away and rebuilding.
Roughly what proportion of urban population growth is caused by natural increase?
Roughly 60%.
Rural-urban migration accounts for around ______ of urban growth.
Rural-urban migration accounts for around 40% of urban growth.
True or False?
Developing countries show the highest levels of urbanisation.
False.
Developed countries show the highest levels of urbanisation; the lowest levels are mainly in developing countries within Africa and Southeast Asia.
Which urban area is redeveloped and regenerated as an example of urban re-imaging?
London Docklands, which gained new industries, executive services, homes, entertainment and leisure.
By 2018 the number of megacities with more than 10 million people had risen to ______.
By 2018 the number of megacities with more than 10 million people had risen to 33.
Define megacity.
A megacity is an urban region with over 10 million residents.
What is the main reason for the largest growth in megacities occurring in Asia?
The main reason for the largest growth in megacities in Asia is the region's rapid population growth and economic development.
By 2050 it is expected that more than of the world's population will live in .
By 2050 it is expected that more than two-thirds (7 billion) of the world's population will live in urban areas.
Name two main economic sectors in which megacities act as service or manufacturing centres.
Megacities act as service centres in the formal economic sector, and as manufacturing centres in the informal economy in developing and emerging countries.
Define multiplier effect in the context of urban growth.
The multiplier effect is a cycle where a city's growth attracts people and businesses, leading to further investment, job creation and development.
What are the two main sources of urban population growth?
The two main sources of urban population growth are natural increase and rural-urban migration.
What are the two main factors affecting the rate of urbanisation?
The speed of economic development and the rate of population growth.
The faster the growth of secondary and tertiary employment, the faster the growth of ______.
The faster the growth of secondary and tertiary employment, the faster the growth of urbanisation.
True or False?
Natural increase is the more important source of labour for urban growth.
False.
Rural-urban migration is the more important source of labour, as it attracts a wider pool of people into the urban region.
Name the four main factors driving the growth of megacities.
Economic development, population growth, economies of scale and the multiplier effect.
Define economies of scale in the growth of megacities.
It is cheaper to provide goods and services in one place than spread across several cities, saving money on infrastructure, communication and transport.
The three top alpha world cities are London, New York and ______.
The three top alpha world cities are London, New York and Tokyo.
How many world cities are there in the Southern Hemisphere?
Only four: Sydney, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires.
Define urbanisation.
Urbanisation is the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in towns and cities.
What is one major opportunity that urban areas offer to people and businesses?
Urban areas offer a variety of opportunities to people and businesses, such as access to jobs, services, and markets.
Rapid and unplanned urbanisation leads to problems such as , poor environmental quality, and crime.
Rapid and unplanned urbanisation leads to problems such as congestion, poor environmental quality, and crime.
Why do informal settlements often develop in rapidly growing cities?
Informal settlements develop due to a lack of affordable housing and high demand as rural migrants arrive with little money, leading to overcrowding and poor living conditions.
High numbers of vehicles in cities lead to high levels of , known as smog.
High numbers of vehicles in cities lead to high levels of atmospheric pollution, known as smog.
What are the main types of employment in the informal sector of emerging cities?
The main types of employment in the informal sector include self-employment, informal employment, and underemployment.
Define slum landlord.
A slum landlord is a person who owns property in poor condition and charges high rents without investing in building maintenance.
True or False?
Poor waste disposal and lack of sanitation in emerging cities can increase the spread of diseases.
True.
Poor waste disposal and lack of sanitation create conditions for diseases to spread rapidly in emerging cities.
In which country is Sao Paulo, where urbanisation has developed fastest?
Brazil — Sao Paulo grew from 7 million to over 20 million people in 40 years.
Water shortages in emerging cities are common due to ______.
Water shortages in emerging cities are common due to over-abstraction.
What is a main cause of crime in rapidly growing cities?
A lack of job opportunities and large-scale unemployment.
True or False?
Literacy and numeracy rates are lowest in developed countries.
False.
Literacy and numeracy rates are lowest in emerging countries, where rapid city growth means a shortage of schools, colleges and universities.
Define underemployment.
Underemployment is where people work but cannot find enough formal, regular paid work to be fully employed.
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