Management of Uneven Development (Edexcel IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 4GE1
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Define intergovernmental organisations (IGOs).
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Cards in this collection (36)
Define intergovernmental organisations (IGOs).
Organisations that have a significant role in reducing uneven development, many of which are part of the United Nations.
Name two UN organisations that work to reduce uneven development.
Any two of: the WHO, FAO, UNCTAD and UNESCO.
The UN developed the ______, which have been agreed by 193 countries.
The UN developed the Sustainable Development Goals, which have been agreed by 193 countries.
How many Sustainable Development Goals are there?
17 goals, including zero hunger, clean water and quality education.
Which three organisations promote free trade and globalisation?
The IMF, World Bank and WTO.
How does trade help a country's development?
It allows countries to sell their resources and invest the money in things such as education and healthcare, and to import resources they lack.
True or False?
Trade agreements usually favour developing countries.
False.
Trade agreements often favour developed and emerging countries, and developing countries are often paid less for their exports.
Define tied aid.
Aid that means countries have to spend the money in specific ways rather than on the development that is actually needed.
For aid to be ______, it must fit the needs of the developing country.
For aid to be appropriate, it must fit the needs of the developing country.
Why does international aid not always reach the people who need it?
Because of corruption and mismanagement.
Name two forms in which international aid can be given.
Any two of: advice, technology, food, money.
How can a donor country misuse aid?
It can be used to apply political or economic pressure on the receiving country.
What does the World Trade Organisation (WTO) aim to do for its members?
Help members use trade to raise living standards, create jobs and improve people's lives.
True or False?
Developing countries dominate the WTO.
False.
Developed countries and the largest economies dominate the WTO.
The main exports from developing countries are usually ______, which do not create the same profits as manufactured products.
The main exports from developing countries are usually primary goods, which do not create the same profits as manufactured products.
Define debt relief.
Reducing or writing off the payments a country has to make to donor countries, freeing up money for development.
What did the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative aim to ensure?
That no country faces a debt burden it cannot manage.
The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative allowed for ______ debt relief on money owed to the IMF, World Bank or African Development Fund.
The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative allowed for 100% debt relief on money owed to the IMF, World Bank or African Development Fund.
How can debt relief help a country develop?
The money saved can be spent on development, such as infrastructure, education and healthcare.
In how many countries does the Fair Trade system work with farmers?
73 countries, working with over 1.9 million farmers.
In 2020, ______ was paid in Fair Trade premiums.
In 2020, £169 million was paid in Fair Trade premiums.
Define microcredit.
Loans given to people to start a small business, usually to people on very low incomes who would not get a bank loan.
What size are microcredit loans typically to start with?
Usually small, around US$100–500, increasing as the business grows.
What are interest rates like on microcredit loans?
Very low, or in some cases interest-free.
Define a top-down development scheme.
A usually expensive scheme run by governments or TNCs, often funded by borrowing, in which local people have little say.
Define a bottom-up development scheme.
A relatively low-cost scheme organised by NGOs and/or local people, targeting the poorest communities using appropriate technology.
What is the main aim of HS2 in the UK?
To reduce regional inequality by increasing growth, productivity and incomes in the Midlands and the North of England.
The first stage of HS2 will link Birmingham and ______.
The first stage of HS2 will link Birmingham and London.
Give one argument in favour of HS2.
It will increase employment and productivity in the Midlands and North, creating over 22,000 construction jobs.
Give one environmental argument against HS2.
Over 250 acres of green belt land will be built on, and it will cross Sites of Special Scientific Interest.
True or False?
Local people affected by top-down schemes usually have a large say in the process.
False.
Local people affected by top-down schemes often have little say in the process.
What is the aim of the micro-hydro schemes in Peru?
To provide electricity to remote rural areas, where 50% of people were living on just US$2 a day.
Practical Action has installed ______ micro-hydro schemes across Peru.
Practical Action has installed 47 micro-hydro schemes across Peru.
How many families receive metered electricity from the Peru micro-hydro schemes?
5,000 families.
Which organisations helped pay for the Chambamontera micro-hydro scheme?
The community, Japan and Practical Action, at a cost of US$51,000.
Give one benefit that electricity brought to Chambamontera.
Any one of: streetlights allowing people out after dark, improved school facilities, homework in the evening, business development, mechanised coffee processing.
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