Responses on Fragile Environments (Edexcel IGCSE Geography): Flashcards
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How does agroforestry help reduce desertification?
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How does agroforestry help reduce desertification?
Agroforestry keeps trees within farmland, which reduces deforestation, increases shade, infiltration and interception, and adds organic matter and nutrients to the soil.
The Great Green Wall is an example of used to help reverse desertification in the Sahel.
The Great Green Wall is an example of afforestation used to help reverse desertification in the Sahel.
True or False?
Desalination is an affordable solution for all countries facing water shortages.
False.
Desalination is expensive, so only some wealthier countries can afford to use it to increase water supply.
Over-abstraction of using pumps can worsen water shortages in areas at risk from desertification.
Over-abstraction of groundwater using pumps can worsen water shortages in areas at risk from desertification.
Define desalination.
The process of removing salt from seawater to produce fresh water, using methods such as reverse osmosis; it is expensive.
How do contour stones and terraces reduce soil erosion?
They stop soil being blown or washed away, increase infiltration and reduce overland flow, and keep dead organic matter in place so it can decompose and add nutrients.
How does planting trees through afforestation help reverse desertification?
Tree roots bind the soil together, the canopy provides shade to stop the soil drying out, and falling leaves replace soil nutrients, all reducing soil erosion.
______ water disinfection uses solar radiation to improve water quality in areas at risk of desertification.
Solar water disinfection uses solar radiation to improve water quality in areas at risk of desertification.
How can education help tackle desertification?
Education promotes sustainable farming methods such as agroforestry and crop rotation, and family planning to reduce population growth.
Farmers can reduce desertification by using livestock breeds adapted to ______ conditions and by reducing ______.
Farmers can reduce desertification by using livestock breeds adapted to drier conditions and by reducing herd size.
How can HYV and GM crops help reverse desertification?
They increase yield so less land is cultivated, and may also be drought resistant and pest resistant.
True or False?
Desertification can be halted and even reversed with careful management.
True.
With careful management, desertification can be halted and even reversed by tackling its causes.
Define Amazon rainforest.
A vast tropical rainforest in northern South America, covering about 6.7 million km^2, where sustainable management strategies aim to reduce deforestation.
What are the three main levels of rainforest management strategies?
Strategies operate at international, national and local levels to manage the rainforest sustainably and reduce deforestation.
True or False?
Brazil's Forest Code increased the forest requirement from 50% to 80% in 2012.
False.
In 2012, Brazil's Forest Code reduced the required forest cover on private land from 80% to 50%, weakening protection.
The DETER satellite provides data to target illegal deforestation, but only detects areas over in size.
The DETER satellite provides frequent data to target illegal deforestation, but only detects areas over 250m^2 in size.
Define CITES.
An international agreement that regulates trade in endangered wild animals and plants so that it does not threaten their survival.
How does a debt-for-nature swap help protect the Amazon rainforest?
A creditor country cancels part of a nation's debt in return for funding and actions to protect and sustainably manage the rainforest.
How does agroforestry help manage the rainforest sustainably?
Combining agriculture with forestry means some trees remain, which decreases deforestation, increases infiltration and interception to reduce soil erosion, and adds nutrients and biodiversity.
Define ITTA.
The International Tropical Timber Agreement, which promotes sustainable forest management and restricts the trade in rainforest hardwood timber.
There are ______ National Parks in Brazil, which are protected areas where the aim is to conserve the ecosystem.
There are 68 National Parks in Brazil, which are protected areas where the aim is to conserve the ecosystem.
What does the Marajo Project do to manage deforestation?
It preserves almost 90,000 hectares of Amazon forest using a tree nursery to grow saplings, encouraging agroforestry through an açai berry cooperative, and providing agricultural education.
Why is the Central Amazon Conservation Complex (CACC) protected?
It is a World Heritage Site, which means hunting, logging, fishing and access are limited.
The Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) scheme resulted in a ______ increase in protected areas and Indigenous territories from 2004 to 2012.
The Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) scheme resulted in a 68% increase in protected areas and Indigenous territories from 2004 to 2012.
True or False?
The UN Forum on Forests promotes the sustainable development of all types of forests.
True.
Established in 2000, the UN Forum on Forests is committed to the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests.
Define mitigation in relation to climate change.
Mitigation means taking action to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions, or enhancing carbon sinks, to limit the amount of future climate change.
What was the main aim of the Paris Agreement 2015?
To limit global warming to well below 2\^o\^C, preferably 1.5\^o\^C, above pre-industrial levels and significantly reduce CO~2~ emissions by 2050.
At COP29 in 2024, nations agreed to provide at least per year to developing countries by 2035.
At COP29 in 2024, nations agreed to provide at least $300 billion per year to developing countries by 2035.
True or False?
The UK Climate Change Act (2008) commits the UK to at least an 80% emissions cut by 2050.
False.
The Climate Change Act target was later strengthened so the UK must cut emissions by 100% (net zero) from 1990 levels by 2050.
The UK Net Zero Strategy (2021) includes funding to electrify vehicles and ban new petrol, diesel and hybrid car sales by .
The UK Net Zero Strategy (2021) includes funding to electrify vehicles and ban new petrol, diesel and hybrid car sales by 2035.
Define Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan.
A national plan (2009) that identifies climate risks, sets out adaptation measures, and aims to reduce emissions, including a 22% reduction target by 2030.
What was the aim of the Kyoto Protocol (1997)?
Delegates from 150 countries agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to below 1990 levels, though developing countries were exempt and the USA did not sign up.
In 1988 the ______ was set up to assess the risks of human-induced climate change.
In 1988 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was set up to assess the risks of human-induced climate change.
How does the UK's Thames Barrier help it adapt to climate change?
It is a flood defence built to protect London against rising sea levels.
What is the difference between adaptation and mitigation as responses to climate change?
Adaptation means adjusting to the impacts of climate change, while mitigation means taking action to reduce or prevent future emissions.
How has Bangladesh adapted its coastline to climate change?
It has built 6,000km of coastal embankments and planted mangroves along 9,000km of coastline to reduce flooding.
Bangladesh is responsible for only ______ of global greenhouse gas emissions, yet is extremely vulnerable to climate change.
Bangladesh is responsible for only 0.56% of global greenhouse gas emissions, yet is extremely vulnerable to climate change.
True or False?
The UK is responsible for 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
True.
The UK is responsible for 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions and is signed up to both the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.
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