Claims & Evidence (College Board AP® English Language & Composition): Flashcards
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Cards in this collection (40)
Define claim.
A claim is a statement that presents a writer's position and requires proof or defense.
Define defensible claim.
A defensible claim is a claim that can be supported with evidence and reasoning and that reasonable people could dispute.
What is the difference between a claim and a thesis?
A writer may make several claims in one essay, while the thesis is usually the central claim of the essay.
Define claim of fact.
A claim of fact is a claim that argues something is true, false or likely true.
Which type of claim answers the question "How should this be judged?"
A claim of value answers the question "How should this be judged?"
A claim of ____ argues that something should or should not be done.
A claim of policy argues that something should or should not be done.
Which type of claim argues how something should be defined, classified or understood?
A claim of definition argues how something should be defined, classified or understood.
Define line of reasoning.
A line of reasoning is the logical progression of reasons, evidence and commentary that explains how the thesis is supported.
Define reason.
A reason is an explanation of why a claim or thesis is valid.
A line of reasoning should be logical, ordered and _____.
A line of reasoning should be logical, ordered and unified.
How does a claim relate to the line of reasoning?
A claim gives the argument direction, while the line of reasoning explains how the writer will defend the claim.
True or False?
A simple fact can work as a defensible claim.
False.
A fact can support a claim, but a fact by itself is not a defensible claim because it does not require much of an argument.
True or False?
Claims that use words such as "always" or "never" are usually easy to defend.
False.
Extreme claims that use words such as "always" or "never" are often difficult to defend.
Define evidence.
Evidence is information used to support a claim or reason.
Which question from the reader does evidence answer?
Evidence answers the reader's question "Why should I believe you?"
Why do facts give an argument a strong logical foundation?
Facts give an argument a strong logical foundation because they can be objectively verified.
Define statistic.
A statistic is numerical evidence used to demonstrate trends, comparisons or proportions.
Define anecdote.
An anecdote is a brief story used to illustrate a larger point.
Define analogy.
An analogy is a comparison used to explain or clarify an idea by relating it to something more familiar.
How does quoting a credible expert strengthen an argument?
Quoting or paraphrasing a credible expert strengthens the writer's credibility and gives readers a trustworthy source.
True or False?
Personal experience cannot count as evidence in AP Lang.
False.
Personal experience is firsthand evidence. It is generally stronger when combined with additional evidence.
Define secondhand evidence.
Secondhand evidence is information obtained through research or outside sources.
What does the STAR test for evidence stand for?
The STAR test stands for Sufficient, Typical, Accurate and Relevant.
Representative evidence reflects the broader issue rather than an isolated _______.
Representative evidence reflects the broader issue rather than an isolated exception.
True or False?
Evidence that relates to the topic of an argument is always relevant evidence.
False.
Relevant evidence directly supports the claim. Evidence that relates to the topic but not the claim is a common mistake.
Which types of evidence best help a writer qualify an argument?
Counterexamples, concessions, limitations and exceptions best help a writer qualify an argument.
Unlike the synthesis essay, the argument essay (FRQ 3) provides no ____ material.
Unlike the synthesis essay, the argument essay (FRQ 3) provides no source material.
Define source integration.
Source integration is incorporating another writer's words or ideas into your own writing so that they support your argument.
True or False?
When integrating sources, the sources should lead the essay's argument.
False.
The writer leads the conversation, and sources are brought in to strengthen the writer's position.
When is quoting a source the best choice?
Quoting is the best choice when the wording itself is especially powerful or precise.
Define paraphrase.
A paraphrase is an accurate restatement of a source's idea in your own words and sentence structure.
Paraphrasing allows a writer to maintain their own ___ while still using another writer's ideas.
Paraphrasing allows a writer to maintain their own voice while still using another writer's ideas.
Define summary.
A summary is a condensed statement of a source's main ideas.
Define syntactic embedding.
Syntactic embedding is incorporating quotations, paraphrases or summaries into your own sentence structure so that they fit naturally within your line of reasoning.
Define signal phrase.
A signal phrase is a word or group of words used to introduce a source and distinguish it from the writer's ideas.
On FRQ 1, how should a source be identified when the writer's name is provided?
On FRQ 1, it is generally best to identify both the writer's name and the source letter.
Define attribution.
Attribution is naming the writer, speaker or source responsible for borrowed words or ideas.
True or False?
Only direct quotations need to be attributed to their source.
False.
Every quotation, paraphrase and summary should be clearly attributed.
True or False?
Timed AP Lang essays require a works cited page.
False.
Timed AP Lang essays do not require a works cited page. Sources are identified as you write, for example (Source A).
A common mistake is organizing an essay source-by-source rather than ____________.
A common mistake is organizing an essay source-by-source rather than claim-by-claim.
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