Coastal Management (Edexcel A Level Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 9GE0
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Define social losses from coastal flooding.
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Define social losses from coastal flooding.
Social losses are the impacts on people, including relocation, loss of livelihood, reduced amenity value and disruption to communities and services.
Why do developed countries often have higher economic losses from coastal flooding?
They have more valuable homes, businesses and infrastructure, using higher quality materials and technology, so damage costs are greater even if deaths are lower.
Why do developing countries suffer higher death tolls from coastal flooding?
They have less preparation, weaker emergency services, lower public education and poor building quality, so more people are killed or injured.
In the UK, average damages from coastal flooding are a year.
In the UK, average damages from coastal flooding are £120 million a year.
During Storm Xavier, about homes and businesses were flooded in the UK.
During Storm Xavier, about 1,400 homes and 1,000 businesses were flooded in the UK.
What were two major social impacts of Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh (2007)?
Cyclone Sidr caused over 3,400 deaths and more than 55,000 injuries, severely affecting communities in coastal Bangladesh.
True or False?
Super Typhoon Haiyan caused greater economic losses than Cyclone Sidr.
True.
Haiyan caused about US$13 billion in economic losses, while Cyclone Sidr caused around US$2.31 billion.
Super Typhoon Haiyan displaced about people and destroyed homes.
Super Typhoon Haiyan displaced about 4 million people and destroyed 1.1 million homes.
Define environmental refugee.
An environmental refugee is a person forced to move because of environmental changes, such as sea level rise and coastal flooding.
Which types of countries are most at risk of sea level rise creating environmental refugees?
Low-lying small island nations like Tuvalu, the Marshall Islands and the Maldives are especially at risk.
True or False?
Environmental refugees will only be a problem in developing countries.
False.
Environmental refugees will occur in all countries, for example future relocation from Fairbourne in Wales, UK.
By 2100, up to people could be displaced by sea level rise worldwide.
By 2100, up to 630 million people could be displaced by sea level rise worldwide.
Define hard engineering.
Hard engineering uses artificial, man-made structures like sea walls or groynes to control coastal erosion and flooding, often at high financial and environmental cost.
Define soft engineering.
Soft engineering uses natural processes and materials, such as beaches, dunes or marshes, to manage coastal erosion and flooding in a more sustainable way.
What is beach nourishment and how does it reduce erosion?
Beach nourishment adds sand or shingle to widen a beach. A wider beach absorbs more wave energy, reducing erosion of the coast behind.
What is the main disadvantage of beach nourishment?
The added material is quickly eroded or moved by waves and longshore drift, so frequent maintenance and monitoring are required, increasing long-term costs.
True or False?
Dune stabilisation can help protect inland areas from wave energy.
True.
Stabilised sand dunes with vegetation like marram grass act as a natural barrier, absorbing wave energy and protecting land behind.
In marsh creation, low-value land is allowed to flood and become a , which absorbs wave energy.
In marsh creation, low-value land is allowed to flood and become a salt marsh, which absorbs wave energy.
How do groynes reduce coastal erosion?
Groynes trap sediment moved by longshore drift, building up a wider beach that absorbs more wave energy, reducing erosion locally.
True or False?
Sea walls are cheap but usually ineffective at stopping erosion.
False.
Sea walls are highly effective at resisting wave attack but are very expensive to build and maintain and can be visually intrusive.
Rip rap consists of large boulders placed at the foot of a cliff to reduce wave energy.
Rip rap consists of large concrete or granite boulders placed at the foot of a cliff to reduce wave energy.
Define sustainable coastal management.
Sustainable coastal management balances flood and erosion protection with environmental, social and economic needs, aiming to protect coasts without harming future generations.
What is Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)?
ICZM is a holistic approach that coordinates policies to manage coastal erosion, flooding, ecosystems and human activities, while resolving conflicts between different coastal users.
Under sustainable management, some farmers may lose land due to managed retreat policies.
Under sustainable management, some farmers may lose productive agricultural land due to managed retreat policies.
Define shoreline management plan (SMP).
A strategic document for a sediment cell that assesses processes, activities and risks and recommends coastal management options for each coastline section.
What are the four SMP policy options recommended by DEFRA?
The four options are Hold the line, Advance the line, Strategic alignment and No active intervention.
True or False?
Traditional sea walls fit a fully integrated approach to coastal management.
False.
Traditional sea walls usually protect short sections in isolation, rather than managing the whole sediment cell in an integrated way.
Sustainable SMPs require managing coastal resources, monitoring change and involving local .
Sustainable SMPs require managing coastal natural resources, monitoring change and involving local communities.
What is meant by managed retreat in coastal management?
Managed retreat is the deliberate allowing of certain coastal areas to flood or erode, creating a more sustainable shoreline position.
Define cost-benefit analysis in coastal management.
A decision tool comparing forecast costs of defences with expected benefits to people and the environment, to judge whether a scheme should proceed.
At Skipsea, protecting only houses meant the costs of defences outweighed the benefits.
At Skipsea, protecting only 24 houses meant the costs of defences outweighed the benefits.
Why can SMP decisions like those at Skipsea cause local conflict?
Some places are protected while others are left unprotected, so communities such as Skipsea feel unfairly treated when funding goes to neighbouring towns.
Define Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).
A holistic approach that manages whole coastal zones and littoral cells together, balancing environmental, social and economic objectives with multiple stakeholders.
What coastal risks is Semarang’s ICZM aiming to reduce?
It aims to reduce coastal flooding, land subsidence and increased salinity, which are worsened by sea level rise and development.
True or False?
ICZM in Semarang only uses structural engineering solutions.
False.
ICZM in Semarang combines structural, non-structural and ecosystem-based measures such as embankments, education and mangrove conservation.
Key ICZM stakeholders include government, the local and organisations (NGOs).
Key ICZM stakeholders include government, the local community and non-governmental organisations (NGOs).
Define coastal management conflict.
Disputes between stakeholders over how coasts are protected or allowed to erode, because different groups experience winners and losers from management decisions.
Who are the main stakeholders in coastal management conflicts?
Key stakeholders include homeowners, local authorities, business owners, farmers and environmental pressure groups.
In coastal management, and are often described as the two main outcomes for people.
In coastal management, winners and losers are often described as the two main outcomes for people.
Give two examples of winners from coastal management.
Winners include people whose property or businesses are protected and groups where the environment or farmland is conserved.
Give two examples of losers from coastal management.
Losers include people who must relocate or lose homes, businesses, farmland or habitats due to erosion or new defences.
True or False?
Coastal management decisions are mainly made by local and national governments.
True.
Coastal management policies are set in Shoreline Management Plans and other strategies by local and national governments.
Define Shoreline Management Plan.
A strategic policy used in the UK to decide how each stretch of coastline will be managed, such as hold the line or no active intervention.
Why are many people in Happisburgh considered losers from coastal management?
The policy of no active intervention means more homes, businesses and farmland in Happisburgh are lost to erosion instead of being protected.
In Chattogram, why might the 2019 flood project create conflict?
New walls, pumps and drainage protect some businesses and residents, but others may be forced to leave homes, creating winners and losers.
In developing countries like , people may experience their homes being flooded a day.
In developing countries like Chittogram, people may experience their homes being flooded twice a day.
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