Human Rights & Intervention (Edexcel A Level Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 9GE0
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Define geopolitical intervention.
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Cards in this collection (41)
Define geopolitical intervention.
A geopolitical intervention is action by states or IGOs to influence another country’s human rights or development, using tools like aid, sanctions or military force.
Define development aid.
Development aid is financial assistance given to promote long‑term development and human rights, often as official development assistance (ODA) through bilateral or multilateral routes.
What is a trade embargo?
A trade embargo is a ban or severe restriction on trade with a country to pressure it to change behaviour, often over security or human rights issues.
What is military aid in human rights interventions?
Military aid is providing money, weapons or training to another state or group to help stop human rights abuses or support democratic movements.
Direct military action involves from one country engaging in conflict in another, often as part of a .
Direct military action involves armed forces from one country engaging in conflict in another, often as part of a coalition.
Indirect military action usually provides or to support one side in a civil conflict.
Indirect military action usually provides equipment or advisers to support one side in a civil conflict.
Define IGO.
An international governmental organisation (IGO) is an organisation of member states (e.g. UN, EU, World Bank) that cooperates on issues like development and human rights.
Give two political or economic interventions used by IGOs.
IGOs can attach conditions to aid or withhold it, and impose trade embargoes or other sanctions to pressure states over human rights.
Human rights NGOs often governments, and to protect human rights.
Human rights NGOs often monitor governments, campaign and lobby to protect human rights.
Why can cutting development aid be controversial as an intervention?
Cutting development aid can reduce a country’s ability to meet basic needs, harming citizens and potentially worsening poverty and human rights conditions.
How can aid with conditions promote human rights?
Attaching conditions to aid, such as improving education for women and girls, encourages governments to reform laws and policies to access financial support.
True or False?
Human rights interventions can challenge national sovereignty.
True.
Interventions involve one state or IGO interfering in another’s governance, showing that sovereignty can be limited when human rights are violated.
Define Responsibility to Protect (R2P).
R2P is the commitment that states and the international community must protect populations from genocide, war crimes and mass atrocities, even if this limits sovereignty.
Human rights violations like , and unfair highlight limits to sovereignty.
Human rights violations like genocide, torture and unfair imprisonment highlight limits to sovereignty.
Define economic development.
Economic development is growth in a country’s income, infrastructure and services, which can also cause environmental damage and affect minority communities.
How can TNC megaprojects threaten minority groups?
Large TNC projects can damage local environments, disrupt traditional livelihoods and ignore land and cultural rights of minority groups.
True or False?
Oil exploitation in the Niger Delta mainly benefits local Ogoni communities.
False.
Oil exploitation has caused pollution, poverty, conflict and human rights abuses for local groups such as the Ogoni.
About litres of oil are spilled each year in the Niger Delta, polluting water and soils.
About 40 million litres of oil are spilled each year in the Niger Delta, polluting water and soils.
In the Niger Delta, traditional livelihoods like and have been damaged by oil spills.
In the Niger Delta, traditional livelihoods like fishing and agriculture have been damaged by oil spills.
Why does land grabbing in Kenya increase food insecurity?
Grabbed land is used for cash crops, biofuels and energy, reducing land for subsistence farming in a country where most people rely on agriculture.
Define development aid.
Development aid is financial or material help from richer actors to support long-term welfare, human rights and reconstruction in poorer countries.
What is bilateral aid and why do governments prefer it?
Bilateral aid is aid given directly from one government to another. Donors prefer it because they control spending and recipients.
True or False?
All development aid is given as grants, not loans.
False.
IGOs like the World Bank provide large loans, which can increase debt and give donors economic influence over recipients.
After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, over people were killed and million made homeless.
After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, over 220,000 people were killed and 1.5 million made homeless.
Why was aid to Haiti criticised after the 2010 earthquake?
Much aid was delayed or underspent, coordination was poor, and many people remained in temporary shelters years later.
Define aid dependency.
Aid dependency is when a country relies on external aid to perform basic government functions, risking collapse if aid is reduced or withdrawn.
How has aid helped reduce malaria deaths globally?
International aid funded mosquito nets, drugs and diagnosis, helping cut global malaria death rates by about 25% between 2000 and 2020.
Around % of bilateral aid now targets programmes for gender equality.
Around 45% of bilateral aid now targets programmes for gender equality.
Give two negative impacts of development aid on governance.
Aid can encourage corruption and elite capture, and create dependency, weakening incentives to develop local industries and tax systems.
Define military aid in a human rights context.
Support such as training, weapons sales or equipment provided by one country to another, which can affect the recipient’s human rights record.
Why do some donor countries attach conditions to military aid?
They hope conditions will pressure recipient governments to stop human rights abuses and to enforce human rights laws more effectively.
True or False?
Stopping military aid can threaten donor countries’ national interests.
True.
Ending aid may risk access to resources, trade links or strategic alliances important to the donor country.
Critics argue that weapons given as military aid may be used to commit .
Critics argue that weapons given as military aid may be used to commit further human rights abuses.
Why is UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia controversial?
Saudi Arabia is undemocratic with a poor human rights record, and UK-supplied weapons have been linked to civilian deaths in Yemen.
Since 2015, the UK has sold about in weapons to Saudi Arabia.
Since 2015, the UK has sold about $23 billion in weapons to Saudi Arabia.
Define war on terror.
A series of military, political and security actions aimed at defeating terrorist groups, especially those linked to Islamic extremism.
Give two human rights abuses used to justify the war on terror.
Examples include amputations without fair trial by Al-Qaeda in Yemen and kidnapping schoolgirls by Boko Haram in Nigeria.
True or False?
Torture is allowed under the UDHR in extreme cases.
False.
Under international law, including the UDHR, the use of torture is always illegal.
Prisoners were secretly flown to Bay and held without trial for years.
Prisoners were secretly flown to Guantanamo Bay and held without trial for years.
Define direct military intervention.
The use of a country’s armed forces inside another state, often claimed to protect human rights or national interests.
Why was NATO’s 1995 intervention in Bosnia widely seen as justified?
It responded to genocide and torture of Bosnian Muslims, helped stop mass killings, and led to war crimes trials for Bosnian Serb leaders.
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