Define intergovernmental organisation (IGO) .

An intergovernmental organisation (IGO) is a body formed by sovereign states through treaties to cooperate on issues like trade , finance and environmental management .

What are two core roles of the United Nations ?

The UN helps maintain international peace and security and promotes human rights while supporting economic and social development through global cooperation.

Who is the UN Secretary-General and how are they chosen?

The Secretary-General is the UN’s Chief Administrative Officer , appointed by the General Assembly on the Security Council’s recommendation for a 5‑year renewable term .

The UDHR establishes that all humans are born and .

The UDHR establishes that all humans are born free and equal .

Define UN Security Council .

The UN Security Council is a 15‑member body, including five permanent members , responsible for maintaining international peace and security and authorising sanctions or military action .

What special power do permanent members of the Security Council have?

Permanent members can veto any Security Council resolution and must approve UN Charter changes, strongly shaping UN peace and security actions.

True or False? The UN has its own standing army.

False. The UN relies on member states to supply troops and equipment for peacekeeping operations , as it has no permanent army.

UN sanctions can include and authorised operations.

UN sanctions can include trade embargoes and authorised military operations.

Define a failed state in global politics.

A failed state is a political entity that has lost or never had the capacity to perform the basic functions of a sovereign government , including control and services.

Give two indicators that a state may be a failed state .

Indicators include lack of territorial control , erosion of legitimate authority , inability to provide public services , and widespread corruption or violence .

Why is US drone use in failed states controversial under Article 51 ?

The US claims self‑defence against terrorism, but difficulties in identifying targets and avoiding civilian casualties mean drone strikes may breach international law .

True or False? The 2003 Iraq War strengthened long‑term regional stability.

False. The Iraq War led to civil war , strengthened Iran , and contributed to the rapid growth of ISIS , undermining regional stability.

Since 9/11, the US has spent over on the .

Since 9/11, the US has spent over $8 trillion on the war on terror .

Define Bretton Woods institutions .

The Bretton Woods institutions are the IMF , World Bank and WTO , created post‑WWII to manage global finance , development lending and free trade .

What is the main role of the World Bank today?

The World Bank finances development projects and poverty reduction , focusing on infrastructure, health, education and supporting economic reforms in low and middle‑income countries .

How does the IMF support global trade?

The IMF lends to countries facing balance‑of‑payments problems and promotes exchange‑rate stability , ensuring enough foreign currency for international trade .

What is the main function of the WTO ?

The WTO sets and enforces global trade rules , aiming to keep trade smooth , predictable and as free from tariffs and barriers as possible.

True or False? WTO rulings can force states to change domestic laws.

True. WTO dispute rulings are binding , and members can face sanctions unless they change laws that breach trade agreements .

Define Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) .

SAPs are loan conditions from the IMF and World Bank requiring policies like austerity , privatisation , trade liberalisation and devaluation in borrowing countries.

Give two potential benefits of SAPs for developing economies.

SAPs may reduce inflation and deficits and can attract foreign investment by stabilising currencies and liberalising trade and investment rules.

Give two major criticisms of SAPs.

SAPs are criticised for cutting social spending and increasing poverty and inequality , and for reducing national policy sovereignty under IMF and World Bank control.

True or False? SAPs have only positive impacts on developing countries.

False. SAPs can stabilise economies but are linked to job losses , social unrest , weakened public services and environmental damage in many countries.

What is the aim of HIPC policies?

HIPC policies aim to cancel or reduce unsustainable debts of very poor countries, freeing government funds for poverty reduction and social spending .

State one benefit and one cost of HIPC initiatives.

Benefits include lower debt service and more fiscal space ; costs include insufficient relief , new debts and conditionalities that limit policy sovereignty .

Jamaica's SAP involved wage freezes, , devaluation, trade liberalisation, privatisation and deregulation.

Jamaica's SAP involved wage freezes, public sector layoffs , devaluation, trade liberalisation, privatisation and deregulation.

Define protectionism .

Protectionism is government support for domestic producers by restricting imports using tariffs , quotas or other barriers to foreign competitors.

Economic is a country's ability to control its own economic policies and resources.

Economic sovereignty is a country's ability to control its own economic policies and resources.

How did Brexit change the UK's trade policy options?

After Brexit, the UK left the EU single market and customs union but gained freedom to negotiate its own independent trade deals globally.

Define global environmental issues .

Global environmental issues are problems like climate change , ozone depletion and biodiversity loss that affect all countries and need international cooperation to manage.

What was the main aim of the Montreal Protocol (1987) ?

To phase out ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs , protecting the ozone layer and helping to mitigate climate change .

True or False? The Montreal Protocol has been ratified by all UN member countries.

True. All 197 UN member states ratified the Montreal Protocol, making it a landmark in global environmental cooperation .

What are nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement?

They are each country\'s self-defined climate action plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions , which must be updated every five years .

Define UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) .

An international agreement creating a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities , including territorial seas , EEZs , high seas , and dispute settlement .

What key principle do the Helsinki Water Convention rules assert?

All bordering states have an equitable share in transboundary water resources , balancing needs , customary use and pollution protection .

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) highlighted the concept of , giving nature a measurable economic value.

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) highlighted the concept of ecosystem services , giving nature a measurable economic value.

Define Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) .

A set of international agreements managing Antarctica for peace , science and environmental protection , banning military activity and mineral exploitation .

True or False? The ATS has prevented territorial disputes and military activity in Antarctica.

True. Since 1959, the ATS has avoided territorial conflict and military activities , while enabling cooperative scientific research .

What is the role of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) ?

To conserve whale populations and regulate whaling , including implementing the 1986 moratorium on commercial whaling.

The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary bans commercial whaling over million km² around .

The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary bans commercial whaling over 50 million km² around Antarctica .

The treaty controlling trade in endangered species is and it regulates trade using .

The treaty controlling trade in endangered species is CITES and it regulates trade using permits and certificates .

A LevelGeographyEdexcelFlashcardsMigration, Identity & SovereigntyManaging Global Issues & Conflicts

Managing Global Issues & Conflicts (Edexcel A Level Geography): Flashcards

Exam code: 9GE0

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FrontIncreasing Importance of Global Organisations
Define intergovernmental organisation (IGO).

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Cards in this collection (41)

Define intergovernmental organisation (IGO).
An intergovernmental organisation (IGO) is a body formed by sovereign states through treaties to cooperate on issues like trade, finance and environmental management.
What are two core roles of the United Nations?
The UN helps maintain international peace and security and promotes human rights while supporting economic and social development through global cooperation.
Who is the UN Secretary-General and how are they chosen?
The Secretary-General is the UN’s Chief Administrative Officer, appointed by the General Assembly on the Security Council’s recommendation for a 5‑year renewable term.
The UDHR establishes that all humans are born and .
The UDHR establishes that all humans are born free and equal.
Define UN Security Council.
The UN Security Council is a 15‑member body, including five permanent members, responsible for maintaining international peace and security and authorising sanctions or military action.
What special power do permanent members of the Security Council have?
Permanent members can veto any Security Council resolution and must approve UN Charter changes, strongly shaping UN peace and security actions.
True or False?
The UN has its own standing army.
False.
The UN relies on member states to supply troops and equipment for peacekeeping operations, as it has no permanent army.
UN sanctions can include and authorised operations.
UN sanctions can include trade embargoes and authorised military operations.
Define a failed state in global politics.
A failed state is a political entity that has lost or never had the capacity to perform the basic functions of a sovereign government, including control and services.
Give two indicators that a state may be a failed state.
Indicators include lack of territorial control, erosion of legitimate authority, inability to provide public services, and widespread corruption or violence.
Why is US drone use in failed states controversial under Article 51?
The US claims self‑defence against terrorism, but difficulties in identifying targets and avoiding civilian casualties mean drone strikes may breach international law.
True or False?
The 2003 Iraq War strengthened long‑term regional stability.
False.
The Iraq War led to civil war, strengthened Iran, and contributed to the rapid growth of ISIS, undermining regional stability.
Since 9/11, the US has spent over on the .
Since 9/11, the US has spent over $8 trillion on the war on terror.
Define Bretton Woods institutions.
The Bretton Woods institutions are the IMF, World Bank and WTO, created post‑WWII to manage global finance, development lending and free trade.
What is the main role of the World Bank today?
The World Bank finances development projects and poverty reduction, focusing on infrastructure, health, education and supporting economic reforms in low and middle‑income countries.
How does the IMF support global trade?
The IMF lends to countries facing balance‑of‑payments problems and promotes exchange‑rate stability, ensuring enough foreign currency for international trade.
What is the main function of the WTO?
The WTO sets and enforces global trade rules, aiming to keep trade smooth, predictable and as free from tariffs and barriers as possible.
True or False?
WTO rulings can force states to change domestic laws.
True.
WTO dispute rulings are binding, and members can face sanctions unless they change laws that breach trade agreements.
Define Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs).
SAPs are loan conditions from the IMF and World Bank requiring policies like austerity, privatisation, trade liberalisation and devaluation in borrowing countries.
Give two potential benefits of SAPs for developing economies.
SAPs may reduce inflation and deficits and can attract foreign investment by stabilising currencies and liberalising trade and investment rules.
Give two major criticisms of SAPs.
SAPs are criticised for cutting social spending and increasing poverty and inequality, and for reducing national policy sovereignty under IMF and World Bank control.
True or False?
SAPs have only positive impacts on developing countries.
False.
SAPs can stabilise economies but are linked to job losses, social unrest, weakened public services and environmental damage in many countries.
What is the aim of HIPC policies?
HIPC policies aim to cancel or reduce unsustainable debts of very poor countries, freeing government funds for poverty reduction and social spending.
State one benefit and one cost of HIPC initiatives.
Benefits include lower debt service and more fiscal space; costs include insufficient relief, new debts and conditionalities that limit policy sovereignty.
Jamaica's SAP involved wage freezes, , devaluation, trade liberalisation, privatisation and deregulation.
Jamaica's SAP involved wage freezes, public sector layoffs, devaluation, trade liberalisation, privatisation and deregulation.
Define protectionism.
Protectionism is government support for domestic producers by restricting imports using tariffs, quotas or other barriers to foreign competitors.
Economic is a country's ability to control its own economic policies and resources.
Economic sovereignty is a country's ability to control its own economic policies and resources.
How did Brexit change the UK's trade policy options?
After Brexit, the UK left the EU single market and customs union but gained freedom to negotiate its own independent trade deals globally.
Define global environmental issues.
Global environmental issues are problems like climate change, ozone depletion and biodiversity loss that affect all countries and need international cooperation to manage.
What was the main aim of the Montreal Protocol (1987)?
To phase out ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs, protecting the ozone layer and helping to mitigate climate change.
True or False?
The Montreal Protocol has been ratified by all UN member countries.
True.
All 197 UN member states ratified the Montreal Protocol, making it a landmark in global environmental cooperation.
The Paris Agreement aims to keep warming ${}^{\circ}C$ and pursue efforts for ${}^{\circ}C$ above pre-industrial levels.
The Paris Agreement aims to keep warming well below 2 ${}^{\circ}C$ and pursue efforts for 1.5 ${}^{\circ}C$ above pre-industrial levels.
What are nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement?
They are each country\'s self-defined climate action plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which must be updated every five years.
Define UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
An international agreement creating a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities, including territorial seas, EEZs, high seas, and dispute settlement.
What key principle do the Helsinki Water Convention rules assert?
All bordering states have an equitable share in transboundary water resources, balancing needs, customary use and pollution protection.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) highlighted the concept of , giving nature a measurable economic value.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) highlighted the concept of ecosystem services, giving nature a measurable economic value.
Define Antarctic Treaty System (ATS).
A set of international agreements managing Antarctica for peace, science and environmental protection, banning military activity and mineral exploitation.
True or False?
The ATS has prevented territorial disputes and military activity in Antarctica.
True.
Since 1959, the ATS has avoided territorial conflict and military activities, while enabling cooperative scientific research.
What is the role of the International Whaling Commission (IWC)?
To conserve whale populations and regulate whaling, including implementing the 1986 moratorium on commercial whaling.
The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary bans commercial whaling over million km² around .
The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary bans commercial whaling over 50 million km² around Antarctica.
The treaty controlling trade in endangered species is and it regulates trade using .
The treaty controlling trade in endangered species is CITES and it regulates trade using permits and certificates.

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