Causes of Globalisation (Edexcel A Level Geography): Flashcards

True.

Standardised containers allow cheap, efficient movement of goods, enabling mass global trade on very large ships.

In the 1800s, steam power and expanding railway networks helped move goods and armies quickly.

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through growing flows of goods, services, capital, people and information across borders.

Governments may fear loss of economic sovereignty, exploitation of local workers or resources, or damage to domestic industries from powerful TNCs.

The WTO promotes trade liberalisation by encouraging countries to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers so global trade operates more freely.

The IMF lends money to countries in difficulty, usually requiring free-market reforms so TNCs can invest and operate more easily.

The World Bank provides loans and grants on a global scale, especially to developing countries, often with conditions promoting economic restructuring.

False.

The WTO has failed to end many US and EU agricultural subsidies, which still disadvantage farmers in less developed countries.

International organisations encourage states to see their economies as part of a global economy rather than purely national ones.

A group of countries that agree to remove tariffs and trade barriers between members, allowing goods and services to move more freely.

Privatisation lets private and often foreign firms buy national services, attracting TNCs and integrating sectors like energy or rail into global markets.

False.

Increasing tariffs makes imports more expensive, reducing trade flows and discouraging integration into the global economy.

Government free-market liberalisation reduces regulation and controls on firms, lowering costs for TNCs.

An industrial area, often near the coast, where governments offer tax breaks, relaxed rules and good infrastructure to attract TNCs and FDI.

China’s Open Door Policy aimed to attract FDI and TNCs, driving rapid industrialisation and urbanisation while keeping one-party political control.

Globalisation is the increasing connectedness of countries through cross-border flows of goods, services, capital and ideas.

Development is the progress a country makes in improving the standard of living and quality of life for its population.

Uneven globalisation is when places are affected differently by globalisation due to factors like poverty, physical geography and government policies.

The KOF Index measures economic, social and political aspects of globalisation.

True.

Countries are scored out of 100, and a higher score means the country is more globalised.

It uses some outdated indicators and shows cultural bias, for example using the number of McDonald\'s as a measure.

It ranks cities by business activity, cultural experience and political engagement, using data such as TNC headquarters, museums and foreign embassies.

Countries that remain relatively disconnected from global networks are called switched-off places.

A political reason is government control or instability; a social reason is lack of technology and infrastructure limiting trade and investment.

True.

North Korea\'s government controls media and restricts trade, deliberately limiting integration into global networks.

A TNC is a large company that operates in multiple countries, controlling or coordinating production, investment and sales across borders.

Adapting products to suit local tastes and culture is called glocalisation.