Define natural hazard .

An event caused by environmental processes that would occur without humans but has the potential to cause harm to people, property or the environment.

An event where a hazard causes actual harm , creating serious disruption and losses that exceed the ability of the affected community to cope using its own resources.

How does a hazard differ from a disaster ?

A hazard has the potential to cause harm, while a disaster occurs when that potential is realised , causing significant damage and disruption.

Define vulnerability (to hazards).

How susceptible a population or area is to damage from a particular hazard, influenced by factors like development level , population density and planning .

True or False? Higher capacity to cope always increases disaster risk .

False. Greater capacity to cope reduces risk , even if hazard magnitude or vulnerability are high.

Define Pressure and Release (PAR) model .

A model explaining disaster risk by linking root causes , dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions with the hazard , and showing how reducing these increases resilience .

In the PAR model, causes lead to pressures, which create conditions.

In the PAR model, root causes lead to dynamic pressures, which create unsafe conditions.

What does the release model show?

It shows how vulnerability can be reduced by improving safety , tackling unsafe conditions , dynamic pressures and root causes , and using hazard mitigation .

Why did the Merapi (2010) eruption cause more deaths than Eyjafjallajökull (2010) ?

Merapi had higher population density , more settlements nearby and a larger pyroclastic flow , increasing exposure and vulnerability compared with Iceland.

The Gorkha, Nepal (2015) earthquake caused about deaths, while Amatrice, Italy (2016) caused about deaths.

The Gorkha, Nepal (2015) earthquake caused about 8,500 deaths, while Amatrice, Italy (2016) caused about 296 deaths.

True or False? Economic costs of hazards are usually higher in developed countries.

True. Developed countries have more valuable infrastructure and property , so damage from the same hazard usually costs more economically than in developing countries.

Define magnitude in relation to earthquakes.

Magnitude is the amount of energy released at the focus of an earthquake, usually measured on the Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS) .

What is the Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS) and what type of scale is it?

The MMS measures earthquake magnitude using seismographs. It is a logarithmic scale from 1 to 10.

How does a one-unit increase on the MMS change amplitude and energy?

A one-unit increase on the MMS means 10 times greater amplitude and about 32 times more energy released .

Define earthquake intensity .

Intensity is the impact of shaking on people, buildings and the environment, measured using the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (I–XII) .

What does the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) measure and what type of scale is it?

The VEI measures the size of volcanic eruptions based on observations. It is a logarithmic scale from 0 to 8.

Tectonic hazard profiles compare events using factors like magnitude, speed of onset, areal extent, duration, frequency and .

Tectonic hazard profiles compare events using factors like magnitude, speed of onset, areal extent, duration, frequency and spatial predictability .

Give two advantages of using tectonic hazard profiles.

Hazard profiles allow comparison of different hazards or the same hazard in different places , and help plan for future events .

Give two disadvantages of tectonic hazard profiles.

They focus on physical factors , ignoring key human factors , and are subjective , so may not represent complex multi-hazard events well.

True or False? Higher magnitude earthquakes always cause higher impacts .

False. Impacts also depend on development level , population density and vulnerability , so similar magnitudes can cause very different losses.

The Haiti earthquake caused about deaths and million homeless.

The Haiti earthquake caused about 220,000 deaths and 1.5 million homeless.

Name one major economic impact of the Sulawesi (Indonesia) earthquake.

The Sulawesi earthquake caused about US$1.3 billion in damage and severely affected tourism and infrastructure , including the Palu IV bridge collapse .

Compare a key social impact of Haiti and Amatrice earthquakes.

Haiti had about 220,000 deaths and 1.5 million homeless , whereas Amatrice had 299 deaths and 4,500 homeless .

True or False? The Amatrice earthquake caused more economic damage than Sulawesi.

True. The Amatrice earthquake caused over US$4 billion in damage, compared with about US$1.3 billion in Sulawesi .

Governance is the way a country or region is run , including how decisions are made and implemented, affecting vulnerability and resilience to hazards.

How does good governance reduce vulnerability to hazards?

Good governance improves planning, education, prediction and preparation , so communities cope better with hazard events and recover more quickly.

Poor governance can increase vulnerability through and lack of .

Poor governance can increase vulnerability through corruption and lack of planning .

Explain why high population density increases vulnerability to tectonic hazards.

High population density makes evacuation harder and concentrates people and buildings , so collapses and infrastructure damage affect more people.

Remote areas with poor and few are more vulnerable after hazards.

Remote areas with poor infrastructure and few facilities are more vulnerable after hazards.

What does a low HDI suggest about a population’s vulnerability to hazards?

A low HDI suggests poorer education, housing, healthcare and income , making people more vulnerable and less resilient to hazards.

Lack of means people may not know how to during an earthquake.

Lack of education means people may not know how to respond during an earthquake.

True or False? Context, like corruption and poverty, can worsen earthquake impacts.

True. Contexts such as corruption, poor housing, weak infrastructure and poverty increase casualties and damage from earthquakes.

How did governance and development influence impacts in the Haiti 2010 earthquake ?

In Haiti , corruption, poor housing, weak infrastructure and high poverty led to very high deaths, injuries and homelessness.

Define inequality in the context of hazard vulnerability.

Inequality is uneven access to education, housing, healthcare and income , which increases vulnerability and reduces resilience to hazards.

A LevelGeographyEdexcelFlashcardsTectonic Processes & HazardsTectonic Hazards & Impacts

Tectonic Hazards & Impacts (Edexcel A Level Geography): Flashcards

Exam code: 9GE0

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Define natural hazard.

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Cards in this collection (35)

Define natural hazard.
An event caused by environmental processes that would occur without humans but has the potential to cause harm to people, property or the environment.
Define disaster.
An event where a hazard causes actual harm, creating serious disruption and losses that exceed the ability of the affected community to cope using its own resources.
How does a hazard differ from a disaster?
A hazard has the potential to cause harm, while a disaster occurs when that potential is realised, causing significant damage and disruption.
Define vulnerability (to hazards).
How susceptible a population or area is to damage from a particular hazard, influenced by factors like development level, population density and planning.
What is the hazard risk equation?
$R i s k = \frac{H a z a r d \times V u l n e r a b i l i t y}{C a p a c i t y t o c o p e}$
- Risk = likelihood of disaster
- Hazard = event magnitude
- Vulnerability = susceptibility
- Capacity to cope = ability to respond
True or False?
Higher capacity to cope always increases disaster risk.
False.
Greater capacity to cope reduces risk, even if hazard magnitude or vulnerability are high.
Define Pressure and Release (PAR) model.
A model explaining disaster risk by linking root causes, dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions with the hazard, and showing how reducing these increases resilience.
In the PAR model, causes lead to pressures, which create conditions.
In the PAR model, root causes lead to dynamic pressures, which create unsafe conditions.
What does the release model show?
It shows how vulnerability can be reduced by improving safety, tackling unsafe conditions, dynamic pressures and root causes, and using hazard mitigation.
Why did the Merapi (2010) eruption cause more deaths than Eyjafjallajökull (2010)?
Merapi had higher population density, more settlements nearby and a larger pyroclastic flow, increasing exposure and vulnerability compared with Iceland.
The Gorkha, Nepal (2015) earthquake caused about deaths, while Amatrice, Italy (2016) caused about deaths.
The Gorkha, Nepal (2015) earthquake caused about 8,500 deaths, while Amatrice, Italy (2016) caused about 296 deaths.
True or False?
Economic costs of hazards are usually higher in developed countries.
True.
Developed countries have more valuable infrastructure and property, so damage from the same hazard usually costs more economically than in developing countries.
Define magnitude in relation to earthquakes.
Magnitude is the amount of energy released at the focus of an earthquake, usually measured on the Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS).
What is the Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS) and what type of scale is it?
The MMS measures earthquake magnitude using seismographs. It is a logarithmic scale from 1 to 10.
How does a one-unit increase on the MMS change amplitude and energy?
A one-unit increase on the MMS means 10 times greater amplitude and about 32 times more energy released.
Define earthquake intensity.
Intensity is the impact of shaking on people, buildings and the environment, measured using the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (I–XII).
What does the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) measure and what type of scale is it?
The VEI measures the size of volcanic eruptions based on observations. It is a logarithmic scale from 0 to 8.
Tectonic hazard profiles compare events using factors like magnitude, speed of onset, areal extent, duration, frequency and .
Tectonic hazard profiles compare events using factors like magnitude, speed of onset, areal extent, duration, frequency and spatial predictability.
Give two advantages of using tectonic hazard profiles.
Hazard profiles allow comparison of different hazards or the same hazard in different places, and help plan for future events.
Give two disadvantages of tectonic hazard profiles.
They focus on physical factors, ignoring key human factors, and are subjective, so may not represent complex multi-hazard events well.
True or False?
Higher magnitude earthquakes always cause higher impacts.
False.
Impacts also depend on development level, population density and vulnerability, so similar magnitudes can cause very different losses.
The Haiti earthquake caused about deaths and million homeless.
The Haiti earthquake caused about 220,000 deaths and 1.5 million homeless.
Name one major economic impact of the Sulawesi (Indonesia) earthquake.
The Sulawesi earthquake caused about US$1.3 billion in damage and severely affected tourism and infrastructure, including the Palu IV bridge collapse.
Compare a key social impact of Haiti and Amatrice earthquakes.
Haiti had about 220,000 deaths and 1.5 million homeless, whereas Amatrice had 299 deaths and 4,500 homeless.
True or False?
The Amatrice earthquake caused more economic damage than Sulawesi.
True.
The Amatrice earthquake caused over US$4 billion in damage, compared with about US$1.3 billion in Sulawesi.
Define governance.
Governance is the way a country or region is run, including how decisions are made and implemented, affecting vulnerability and resilience to hazards.
How does good governance reduce vulnerability to hazards?
Good governance improves planning, education, prediction and preparation, so communities cope better with hazard events and recover more quickly.
Poor governance can increase vulnerability through and lack of .
Poor governance can increase vulnerability through corruption and lack of planning.
Explain why high population density increases vulnerability to tectonic hazards.
High population density makes evacuation harder and concentrates people and buildings, so collapses and infrastructure damage affect more people.
Remote areas with poor and few are more vulnerable after hazards.
Remote areas with poor infrastructure and few facilities are more vulnerable after hazards.
What does a low HDI suggest about a population’s vulnerability to hazards?
A low HDI suggests poorer education, housing, healthcare and income, making people more vulnerable and less resilient to hazards.
Lack of means people may not know how to during an earthquake.
Lack of education means people may not know how to respond during an earthquake.
True or False?
Context, like corruption and poverty, can worsen earthquake impacts.
True.
Contexts such as corruption, poor housing, weak infrastructure and poverty increase casualties and damage from earthquakes.
How did governance and development influence impacts in the Haiti 2010 earthquake?
In Haiti, corruption, poor housing, weak infrastructure and high poverty led to very high deaths, injuries and homelessness.
Define inequality in the context of hazard vulnerability.
Inequality is uneven access to education, housing, healthcare and income, which increases vulnerability and reduces resilience to hazards.

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