Management of Tectonic Hazards (Edexcel A Level Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 9GE0
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Define tectonic mega-disaster.
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Cards in this collection (45)
Define tectonic mega-disaster.
A high magnitude, high impact tectonic event that affects several countries directly or indirectly, often causing major social and economic disruption.
Which regions and countries were most affected by the 2004 Asian tsunami?
It affected 18 countries in south-east Asia and Africa, with worst impacts in Indonesia and Sri Lanka, where tens of thousands were killed and displaced.
The Asian tsunami caused about deaths and displaced people.
The Asian tsunami caused about 225,000 deaths and displaced 17 million people.
In Sri Lanka, about buildings were destroyed and most boats were lost.
In Sri Lanka, about 90,000 buildings were destroyed and most fishing boats were lost.
How did the Eyjafjallajokull eruption (2010) disrupt global air travel and trade?
It led 20 countries to close airspace, cancelling over 100,000 flights, affecting 10 million travellers and reducing Kenyan flower and vegetable exports.
Airlines lost up to a day, while Kenya lost a day during Eyjafjallajokull.
Airlines lost up to £130 million a day, while Kenya lost US$1.3 million a day during Eyjafjallajokull.
What were the main economic impacts of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami?
It caused about US$360 billion in losses, reduced industrial production, damaged ports, and forced costly oil imports after nuclear reactor shutdowns.
True or False?
Recorded global disasters have increased mainly because hazards are more frequent.
False.
Recorded disasters increased mainly due to population growth, urbanisation, and better monitoring and reporting, not a huge rise in hazard frequency.
Since 1960, global disaster deaths have due to better , planning and warning systems.
Since 1960, global disaster deaths have decreased due to better building construction, planning and warning systems.
Why are deaths from volcanic eruptions now relatively rare?
Because of improved monitoring, exclusion zones and evacuation plans, which allow authorities to warn and move people before major eruptions.
True or False?
Economic costs of disasters are usually a higher % of GDP in LICs than HICs.
True.
Although absolute US$ losses are higher in HICs, disasters often destroy a larger share of GDP in developing and emerging countries.
Define multiple-hazard zone.
An area exposed to two or more natural hazards that can occur simultaneously or in rapid succession, straining response, recovery and development.
Why do multiple hazards hinder development in affected countries?
Frequent hazard events force governments to spend on recovery and reconstruction, diverting money from infrastructure, health, and education, slowing long-term development.
Define archipelago.
A group or chain of islands clustered together in a sea or ocean, such as the Philippines.
The Philippines is an island nation in Asia in the Pacific Ocean.
The Philippines is an island nation in Southeast Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean.
What proportion of the Philippine population is vulnerable to hazard events?
Around 74% of the population and 60% of the land area in the Philippines are vulnerable to hazard events.
How does the Ring of Fire increase hazard risk in the Philippines?
Being on the Pacific Ring of Fire and several convergent plate boundaries exposes the Philippines to frequent earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and potential tsunami.
True or False?
The Philippines experiences only a few weak typhoons each decade.
False.
The Philippines is hit by about 15–20 typhoons a year, including intense storms like Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) in 2013.
In 1991, the eruption of was one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the last 100 years.
In 1991, the eruption of Mount Pinatubo was one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the last 100 years.
Deforestation in upland areas of the Philippines increases risk by reducing interception and increasing surface runoff.
Deforestation in upland areas of the Philippines increases landslide risk by reducing interception and increasing surface runoff.
Why are many Filipinos particularly vulnerable to coastal hazards?
Most of the population lives in coastal areas because inland regions are mountainous, exposing people to storm surges, typhoons, and tsunami.
Define prediction in tectonic hazards.
Prediction is knowing when (temporal scale) and where (spatial scale) a hazard will occur.
Define forecasting in tectonic hazards.
Forecasting gives a percentage chance of a hazard occurring over a set period of time.
Why is it difficult to predict earthquakes?
It is difficult to predict earthquakes because no monitoring method is reliable, so the exact time and location cannot be known in advance.
True or False?
Over 90% of earthquakes occur near plate boundaries.
True.
More than 90% of earthquakes happen on or near plate boundaries, where tectonic plates interact.
Seismic gap theory highlights areas at high risk because they have not experienced an for some time.
Seismic gap theory highlights areas at high risk because they have not experienced an earthquake for some time.
Give one example of an earthquake forecast by USGS.
USGS forecast that in Los Angeles there is a 60% probability of a magnitude 6.7 earthquake within the next 30 years.
Volcanologists monitor volcanoes using GPS, , satellites, seismometers and gas detection.
Volcanologists monitor volcanoes using GPS, tilt meters, satellites, seismometers and gas detection.
Name two warning signs of a volcanic eruption.
Warning signs include rising magma causing surface bulges, increased sulphur dioxide emissions, or increased seismic activity recorded by seismometers.
How are tsunamis detected after an earthquake?
Global seismometers locate the earthquake epicentre, then ocean monitoring technology detects tsunami waves so warnings can be issued to coastal areas.
Define Park's model.
Park's model, or the disaster response curve, shows how quality of life changes over time before, during and after a hazard event.
Why do developing countries often have a steeper, deeper Park's curve?
Developing countries usually have less preparation, lower development, and limited aid, so they suffer greater impacts and slower recovery.
Define hazard management cycle.
The hazard management cycle shows how one hazard event informs planning and preparation for the next through stages like response, recovery, mitigation and preparedness.
True or False?
The hazard management cycle can only be used by governments.
False.
The hazard management cycle can be used by organisations and individuals to prepare for and respond to hazardous events.
Define disaster modification.
Strategies to manage and reduce impacts of tectonic hazards by modifying the event, vulnerability or loss through mitigation and adaptation.
How can hazard risk mapping and land use zoning modify volcanic events?
They use GIS to identify high-risk areas, then apply land use zoning to restrict development, keeping people and assets away from volcanic hazards.
Draining lakes reduces the chance of during volcanic eruptions.
Draining crater lakes reduces the chance of lahars during volcanic eruptions.
Give two ways tsunami impacts can be modified at the coast.
Impacts can be reduced by land use zoning to prevent coastal construction and building sea walls or offshore barriers to absorb wave energy.
True or False?
Earthquake events are easy to modify because they can be accurately predicted.
False.
Earthquakes are hard to modify as they occur without reliable warning, so focus is on resistant buildings rather than prediction.
Define modification of vulnerability.
Actions taken before a hazard to reduce exposure and susceptibility, increasing resilience through planning, building design, education and preparedness.
ensures people do not live in areas near tectonic hazards.
Land use zoning ensures people do not live in high-risk areas near tectonic hazards.
How do education and evacuation routes increase resilience to earthquakes?
They ensure people know what to do and where to go, enabling faster, safer evacuation and reducing deaths and injuries.
True or False?
Monitoring and warning systems help modify vulnerability to tsunamis.
True.
Monitoring and early warning systems provide time for evacuation, reducing the number of people exposed to tsunami waves.
Define modification of loss.
Actions taken after a hazard to reduce deaths, suffering and economic loss through aid, recovery and reconstruction measures.
aid provides food, water and medical help, while aid supports long-term reconstruction.
Emergency aid provides food, water and medical help, while development aid supports long-term reconstruction.
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