Define primary sector .

The primary sector involves extracting raw materials like crops, minerals or timber, usually in rural areas , and is often low-paid manual work .

Define tertiary sector .

The tertiary sector provides services such as education, retail and healthcare , mainly in urban areas , with wages ranging from minimum wage to highly paid professionals.

Define quaternary sector .

The quaternary sector provides specialist services in finance, law, hi-tech and research , needing a highly educated workforce and concentrated in London and the South East .

What does deindustrialisation mean in the UK context?

Deindustrialisation is the decline of manufacturing and heavy industry , reducing secondary employment and contributing to the shift towards tertiary and quaternary sectors .

True or False? The UK now has more workers in primary and secondary than in tertiary and quaternary sectors.

False. Around 84% of the UK workforce is in tertiary and quaternary sectors , with only about 1% in primary and 15% in secondary.

The Clark-Fisher Model shows a shift from and secondary work to and quaternary jobs over time.

The Clark-Fisher Model shows a shift from primary and secondary work to tertiary and quaternary jobs over time.

How are income levels linked to quality of life ?

Higher income levels usually give better quality of life , as people can afford more goods and services like housing, transport, leisure and utilities.

Why have food bank uses increased in recent years?

Use of food banks has risen as people on casual or zero-hour contracts struggle with low, insecure pay and the rising cost of living .

In 2022, the top 10% of workers earned about per year, showing strong income inequality.

In 2022, the top 10% of workers earned about £62,583 per year, showing strong income inequality.

Living in London is more expensive, so many jobs include a to offset higher costs.

Living in London is more expensive, so many jobs include a London allowance to offset higher costs.

Define Gross Value Added (GVA) .

GVA is the value of goods and services produced in an area, industry or sector, showing its economic contribution per person or worker .

How does Reading’s GVA compare with Middlesbrough’s ?

Reading’s GVA is about £48,377 per person , almost three times higher than Middlesbrough’s £16,856 , indicating greater economic success .

True or False? People in management usually live shorter lives than manual workers.

False. Life expectancy can be about five years longer for people in management compared to manual workers , reflecting social and income inequalities.

In 2020, Reading had nearly the proportion of professionals compared with Middlesbrough, contributing to higher GVA.

In 2020, Reading had nearly double the proportion of professionals compared with Middlesbrough, contributing to higher GVA.

Adults with no qualifications were as common in Middlesbrough (15.4%) as in Reading (8.2%).

Adults with no qualifications were almost twice as common in Middlesbrough (15.4%) as in Reading (8.2%).

Define physical factors in place change.

Physical factors are location and environmental characteristics, such as proximity to cities and landscape attractiveness, that influence how places develop and change.

How does accessibility and connectedness influence place change?

Improved transport and digital connectivity attract investment , visitors and skilled workers , helping businesses grow and changing land use and employment structures.

Improved networks, such as 5G, increase a place's connectedness.

Improved digital networks, such as 5G, increase a place's connectedness.

Compare Reading and Middlesbrough in terms of accessibility .

Reading lies on the M4 corridor with fast rail links and Heathrow nearby, while Middlesbrough lacks a motorway and mainline rail connection to the UK core.

Define Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) .

The IMD is a composite measure combining several deprivation domains (e.g. income, employment, health) to give an overall score for small UK areas.

List three IMD deprivation domains used in England.

Three IMD domains are income , employment and education . Others include health , crime , barriers to housing and services and living environment .

True or False? Middlesbrough is less deprived than Reading in most IMD domains.

False. Middlesbrough ranks among the most deprived deciles in nearly all domains, whereas Reading is among the least deprived , except for crime .

In IMD, areas are ranked into ten equal groups called .

In IMD, areas are ranked into ten equal groups called deciles .

Define gentrification .

Gentrification is when more affluent residents move into a poorer area, improving housing and services but often displacing original low‑income residents .

How has Reading's function changed in recent decades?

Reading has developed a strong commercial function , attracting footloose high‑tech and digital firms and TNCs such as Microsoft and Intel .

True or False? Economic growth usually makes a place younger and more ethnically diverse.

True. Growing economies attract young workers and economic migrants , which lowers average age and increases ethnic diversity .

In Reading, about \% of the population are aged 26–45, showing a relatively young population.

In Reading, about 30 \% of the population are aged 26–45, showing a relatively young population.

Gentrification often raises prices and can force poorer residents to .

Gentrification often raises property prices and can force poorer residents to move .

Define transnational corporation (TNC) .

A transnational corporation is a large company that operates in multiple countries , often locating production where costs are lower to maximise profit .

How can TNCs influence the economic characteristics of a place?

They can create jobs , increase investment and incomes , but may also cause deindustrialisation elsewhere by shifting production to cheaper locations .

True or False? Globalisation has contributed to deindustrialisation in some UK towns.

True. Globalisation and TNCs shifted manufacturing to lower-wage countries, leading to factory closures , job losses and economic decline in places like Middlesbrough.

The global shift in manufacturing led to factory closures and job losses in Middlesbrough.

The global shift in manufacturing led to steel factory closures and 2,200 job losses in Middlesbrough.

How did EU policies (pre-Brexit) affect UK regions like Middlesbrough?

Access to EU Development Funds provided investment to stimulate economic growth , although some areas received less funding than poorer regions like Cornwall and Wales.

Define regional influence on a place.

Regional influence is the impact of nearby settlements , transport links and regional policies on a place’s economic and social characteristics.

Why is Reading attractive to high-tech industries?

It lies in the M4 corridor , has multiple rail routes , and is close to Heathrow and the economic core of the EU, improving accessibility .

How does limited transport infrastructure affect Middlesbrough?

With only one regional rail line and no nearby motorway , it is less connected , reducing investment , job opportunities and access to services .

The UK’s policy restricts urban sprawl, while Reading lies this zone.

The UK’s Green Belt policy restricts urban sprawl, while Reading lies outside this zone.

True or False? Deindustrialisation has no impact on people’s identity.

False. Deindustrialisation can weaken community identity , create feelings of loss and resentment , and change how people perceive their place.

Define collective identity .

Collective identity is a shared sense of belonging among people who have common values , beliefs and a connection to the same place .

How can migration change the identity of a place?

Migration can increase ethnic diversity , introduce new cultures and events, but may also cause some locals to feel cultural erosion and tension .

Reading’s Carnival was started by people to celebrate their .

Reading’s Carnival was started by Caribbean people to celebrate their culture .

How can industrial change create social divisions?

Closure of old industries and growth of new sectors can divide communities between those with relevant skills and those who become unemployed and isolated .

True or False? Economic decline can weaken people’s sense of belonging.

True. Rising unemployment , deprivation and vacant buildings can reduce pride , damage community spirit and weaken people’s attachment to their place.

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Place Variation (Edexcel A Level Geography): Flashcards

Exam code: 9GE0

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FrontClassification of Economies
Define primary sector.

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Cards in this collection (43)

Define primary sector.
The primary sector involves extracting raw materials like crops, minerals or timber, usually in rural areas, and is often low-paid manual work.
Define tertiary sector.
The tertiary sector provides services such as education, retail and healthcare, mainly in urban areas, with wages ranging from minimum wage to highly paid professionals.
Define quaternary sector.
The quaternary sector provides specialist services in finance, law, hi-tech and research, needing a highly educated workforce and concentrated in London and the South East.
What does deindustrialisation mean in the UK context?
Deindustrialisation is the decline of manufacturing and heavy industry, reducing secondary employment and contributing to the shift towards tertiary and quaternary sectors.
True or False?
The UK now has more workers in primary and secondary than in tertiary and quaternary sectors.
False.
Around 84% of the UK workforce is in tertiary and quaternary sectors, with only about 1% in primary and 15% in secondary.
The Clark-Fisher Model shows a shift from and secondary work to and quaternary jobs over time.
The Clark-Fisher Model shows a shift from primary and secondary work to tertiary and quaternary jobs over time.
How are income levels linked to quality of life?
Higher income levels usually give better quality of life, as people can afford more goods and services like housing, transport, leisure and utilities.
Why have food bank uses increased in recent years?
Use of food banks has risen as people on casual or zero-hour contracts struggle with low, insecure pay and the rising cost of living.
In 2022, the top 10% of workers earned about per year, showing strong income inequality.
In 2022, the top 10% of workers earned about £62,583 per year, showing strong income inequality.
Living in London is more expensive, so many jobs include a to offset higher costs.
Living in London is more expensive, so many jobs include a London allowance to offset higher costs.
Define Gross Value Added (GVA).
GVA is the value of goods and services produced in an area, industry or sector, showing its economic contribution per person or worker.
How does Reading’s GVA compare with Middlesbrough’s?
Reading’s GVA is about £48,377 per person, almost three times higher than Middlesbrough’s £16,856, indicating greater economic success.
True or False?
People in management usually live shorter lives than manual workers.
False.
Life expectancy can be about five years longer for people in management compared to manual workers, reflecting social and income inequalities.
In 2020, Reading had nearly the proportion of professionals compared with Middlesbrough, contributing to higher GVA.
In 2020, Reading had nearly double the proportion of professionals compared with Middlesbrough, contributing to higher GVA.
Adults with no qualifications were as common in Middlesbrough (15.4%) as in Reading (8.2%).
Adults with no qualifications were almost twice as common in Middlesbrough (15.4%) as in Reading (8.2%).
Define physical factors in place change.
Physical factors are location and environmental characteristics, such as proximity to cities and landscape attractiveness, that influence how places develop and change.
How does accessibility and connectedness influence place change?
Improved transport and digital connectivity attract investment, visitors and skilled workers, helping businesses grow and changing land use and employment structures.
Improved networks, such as 5G, increase a place's connectedness.
Improved digital networks, such as 5G, increase a place's connectedness.
Compare Reading and Middlesbrough in terms of accessibility.
Reading lies on the M4 corridor with fast rail links and Heathrow nearby, while Middlesbrough lacks a motorway and mainline rail connection to the UK core.
Define Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD).
The IMD is a composite measure combining several deprivation domains (e.g. income, employment, health) to give an overall score for small UK areas.
List three IMD deprivation domains used in England.
Three IMD domains are income, employment and education. Others include health, crime, barriers to housing and services and living environment.
True or False?
Middlesbrough is less deprived than Reading in most IMD domains.
False.
Middlesbrough ranks among the most deprived deciles in nearly all domains, whereas Reading is among the least deprived, except for crime.
In IMD, areas are ranked into ten equal groups called .
In IMD, areas are ranked into ten equal groups called deciles.
Define gentrification.
Gentrification is when more affluent residents move into a poorer area, improving housing and services but often displacing original low‑income residents.
How has Reading's function changed in recent decades?
Reading has developed a strong commercial function, attracting footloose high‑tech and digital firms and TNCs such as Microsoft and Intel.
True or False?
Economic growth usually makes a place younger and more ethnically diverse.
True.
Growing economies attract young workers and economic migrants, which lowers average age and increases ethnic diversity.
In Reading, about \% of the population are aged 26–45, showing a relatively young population.
In Reading, about 30\% of the population are aged 26–45, showing a relatively young population.
Gentrification often raises prices and can force poorer residents to .
Gentrification often raises property prices and can force poorer residents to move.
Define transnational corporation (TNC).
A transnational corporation is a large company that operates in multiple countries, often locating production where costs are lower to maximise profit.
How can TNCs influence the economic characteristics of a place?
They can create jobs, increase investment and incomes, but may also cause deindustrialisation elsewhere by shifting production to cheaper locations.
True or False?
Globalisation has contributed to deindustrialisation in some UK towns.
True.
Globalisation and TNCs shifted manufacturing to lower-wage countries, leading to factory closures, job losses and economic decline in places like Middlesbrough.
The global shift in manufacturing led to factory closures and job losses in Middlesbrough.
The global shift in manufacturing led to steel factory closures and 2,200 job losses in Middlesbrough.
How did EU policies (pre-Brexit) affect UK regions like Middlesbrough?
Access to EU Development Funds provided investment to stimulate economic growth, although some areas received less funding than poorer regions like Cornwall and Wales.
Define regional influence on a place.
Regional influence is the impact of nearby settlements, transport links and regional policies on a place’s economic and social characteristics.
Why is Reading attractive to high-tech industries?
It lies in the M4 corridor, has multiple rail routes, and is close to Heathrow and the economic core of the EU, improving accessibility.
How does limited transport infrastructure affect Middlesbrough?
With only one regional rail line and no nearby motorway, it is less connected, reducing investment, job opportunities and access to services.
The UK’s policy restricts urban sprawl, while Reading lies this zone.
The UK’s Green Belt policy restricts urban sprawl, while Reading lies outside this zone.
True or False?
Deindustrialisation has no impact on people’s identity.
False.
Deindustrialisation can weaken community identity, create feelings of loss and resentment, and change how people perceive their place.
Define collective identity.
Collective identity is a shared sense of belonging among people who have common values, beliefs and a connection to the same place.
How can migration change the identity of a place?
Migration can increase ethnic diversity, introduce new cultures and events, but may also cause some locals to feel cultural erosion and tension.
Reading’s Carnival was started by people to celebrate their .
Reading’s Carnival was started by Caribbean people to celebrate their culture.
How can industrial change create social divisions?
Closure of old industries and growth of new sectors can divide communities between those with relevant skills and those who become unemployed and isolated.
True or False?
Economic decline can weaken people’s sense of belonging.
True.
Rising unemployment, deprivation and vacant buildings can reduce pride, damage community spirit and weaken people’s attachment to their place.

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