Impacts of Superpowers (Edexcel A Level Geography): Flashcards
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Define global cultural influence.
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Cards in this collection (40)
Define global cultural influence.
The spread of ideas, customs and social behaviour across borders, often led by Western TNCs, shaping values, lifestyles and consumption patterns worldwide.
How have Western TNCs contributed to global cultural influence?
Dominant Western TNCs spread brands, media and consumer culture worldwide, encouraging adoption of Western lifestyles, values, food and technology use.
True or False?
Most of the ten best known global brands are from the USA.
True.
Seven of the ten best known global brands are US-based, reinforcing the global spread of Western culture.
The spread of Western culture and values worldwide is often called .
The spread of Western culture and values worldwide is often called westernisation.
Examples of westernisation include of speech, fast outlets and global use of .
Examples of westernisation include freedom of speech, fast food outlets and global use of technology.
Define Transnational Corporation (TNC).
A large company that operates in multiple countries, controlling production, services or investment across national borders.
What is the main ownership type of most TNCs?
Most TNCs are publicly owned corporations, owned by private shareholders, driven by profit and paying dividends.
True or False?
State-owned TNCs often operate in energy and communications.
True.
Many state-owned TNCs such as Gazprom and Saudi Aramco focus on energy or infrastructure-related sectors.
How do TNCs help shift economic power to emerging countries?
TNCs move manufacturing to countries like China, India and Brazil, bringing investment, jobs and trade, which boosts their economic power.
The 500 largest TNCs account for about of world trade.
The 500 largest TNCs account for about 70% of world trade.
Define World Bank.
An international organisation that provides loans, grants, advice and research to developing countries to reduce poverty and support development projects.
What is the main aim of the WTO?
The WTO aims to promote free trade by reducing trade barriers, enforcing international trade rules and mediating trade disputes between member countries.
The IMF’s main role is to keep currency and provide assistance to members in crisis.
The IMF’s main role is to keep currency exchangeable and provide financial assistance to members in crisis.
Define crisis response in relation to superpowers.
Crisis response is when superpowers and emerging nations provide aid and resources to other countries during disasters such as earthquakes, floods or pandemics.
How do superpowers typically provide aid during international crises?
They provide finance, building materials, specialist teams and other resources, often channelled through IGOs and NGOs.
Aid in crises is often delivered through and .
Aid in crises is often delivered through International Governmental Organisations and Non-governmental Organisations.
True or False?
The USA and emerging powers sometimes act as global police in conflicts.
True.
They lead or support military interventions and peacekeeping to manage conflicts and maintain global order.
Define Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
The IPCC is a UN body that assesses scientific knowledge, impacts, risks and response options related to human-induced climate change.
Name three key international climate agreements since 1992.
The Earth Summit 1992, Kyoto Protocol 1997 and Paris Agreement 2015 are major international climate agreements.
Define Roosevelt\'s Four Policemen strategy for alliances.
It proposed the USA, UK, China and Russia as the only heavily armed powers, jointly responsible for maintaining global peace.
What is the main purpose of NATO?
NATO aims to safeguard members\' freedom and security through collective defence, where an attack on one is treated as an attack on all.
The USMCA replaced and created a free trade zone between Canada, USA and .
The USMCA replaced NAFTA and created a free trade zone between Canada, USA and Mexico.
What are two main aims of ASEAN?
ASEAN aims to accelerate economic growth and promote regional peace and stability among its Southeast Asian member states.
True or False?
The EU is only an economic alliance.
False.
The EU is both an economic and political alliance with supranational and intergovernmental decision making.
Define United Nations (UN).
An intergovernmental organisation of 193 states aiming to maintain international peace, develop cooperation and promote human rights and living standards.
Which five countries are permanent members of the UN Security Council?
China, France, Russia, United Kingdom and United States are the five permanent members.
The Paris Agreement aims to keep warming below °C and pursue °C.
The Paris Agreement aims to keep warming below 2°C and pursue 1.5°C.
Define resource demand in superpowers.
The high consumption of water, food, energy and minerals by superpowers and emerging powers, creating large environmental footprints and pressure on global resources.
Why are India and China facing increasing water scarcity?
Because of growing industry and agriculture, rising populations, polluted freshwater, uneven water supply and more frequent droughts.
As countries develop, domestic demand for rises due to increased ownership of technology like fridges and washing machines.
As countries develop, domestic demand for energy rises due to increased ownership of technology like fridges and washing machines.
What are two major environmental impacts of rising resource demand?
It causes severe water and air pollution and increasing soil degradation, making food production harder and damaging ecosystems.
The UN estimates that of the world\'s land is degraded, reducing future food production.
The UN estimates that 40% of the world\'s land is degraded, reducing future food production.
True or False?
Superpowers are the largest CO~2~ emitters globally.
True.
Countries like China, the USA, the EU and India produce most greenhouse gas emissions, with the G20 responsible for about 78% of global emissions.
Define global middle class.
People with enough disposable income to buy consumer goods such as cars, appliances and varied food, driving increased resource consumption.
By 2050, how will global demand for water, energy and minerals change?
Water demand may be 1.6×, energy 1.8×, and mineral resources more than 2× current levels, driven mainly by emerging economies.
By 2030 the global middle class is predicted to reach billion people, mostly in Asia.
By 2030 the global middle class is predicted to reach 5.3 billion people, mostly in Asia.
True or False?
Almost half of the new middle-class consumers will live in India and China.
True.
By 2030, almost 90% of middle class growth will be in Asia, with over 43% of the global middle class in India or China.
Define Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).
A country\'s official climate plan under the Paris Agreement, setting targets for emission reductions and sometimes dates for carbon neutrality.
What are China\'s climate pledges under its NDC?
China aims for CO~2~ emissions to peak by 2030 and to become carbon neutral by 2060.
How did US participation in the Paris Agreement change from 2015 to 2021?
The USA joined under Obama, withdrew under Trump in 2017, then rejoined under Biden in 2021 with a 50–52% reduction target by 2030 from 2005 levels.
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