Interventions & Outcomes (Edexcel A Level Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 9GE0
1/390Still learning
Know0
Define Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Was this flashcard helpful?
Cards in this collection (39)
Define Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
UN targets set for 2000–2015 to reduce poverty, improve health, education and gender equality, and promote sustainable development in lower-income countries.
Why must success of geopolitical interventions be measurable?
They must show clear improvements in people\'s lives so that changes in health, education, rights and wealth can be assessed and interventions evaluated.
An improvement in is shown by more vaccinations and lower .
An improvement in health is shown by more vaccinations and lower infant mortality.
equality means women have equal access to and .
Gender equality means women have equal access to jobs and education.
Why is human development often easier to measure than human rights?
Development uses quantitative data like literacy rates and life expectancy, whereas rights abuses are harder to record consistently and may be under-reported.
Define economic growth.
An increase in a country\'s output of goods and services, usually measured by rising GDP or GNI per capita over time.
How can economic growth support wider development?
Growing economies can invest more in infrastructure, health, education and environmental protection, improving overall human development.
True or False?
Bangladesh has become less reliant on foreign aid since 2000.
True.
The share of development projects funded by foreign aid fell from 48% in 2000 to 32% in 2019 as Bangladesh\'s economy grew.
Since 2000, Bangladesh\'s life expectancy increased by years to years.
Since 2000, Bangladesh\'s life expectancy increased by 7 years to 72 years.
Despite growth, which human rights issues remain in Bangladesh?
There is reduced freedom of expression, violence against women, and poor treatment of refugees living in camps.
Define freedom of expression.
The right to share opinions, information and beliefs without unfair censorship, intimidation or punishment by the state.
True or False?
Democracies are less likely to go to war with each other.
True.
Democratic states tend to resolve disputes through negotiation and are less likely to fight wars with other democracies or resort to internal conflict.
Define development aid.
Financial or material assistance from richer actors to poorer countries to support economic growth, social development, health, and human rights.
How should aid and intervention support development and human rights?
They should promote economic and social development, improve health and education, and strengthen human rights protections for the population.
Why might development aid not reach the poorest people?
Corruption, weak government capacity, and focus on prestige projects mean funds are diverted or poorly distributed, limiting benefits for the poorest.
True or False?
Donor countries always give aid purely for humanitarian reasons.
False.
Donor countries may use aid to pursue their own strategic, economic or political interests, influencing where and how aid is spent.
In the Ebola outbreak, NGOs like sent staff and equipment to West Africa.
In the Ebola outbreak, NGOs like Doctors Without Borders sent staff and equipment to West Africa.
Why is the Ebola response seen as an aid success story?
Rapid WHO coordination, treatment centres, and NGO support slowed and stopped Ebola, leading to the region being declared disease-free in 2016.
Why is Haiti often seen as an aid failure?
Despite huge aid inflows, corruption, weak governance, contracts to foreign firms, and focus on large projects left Haiti still extremely poor and aid-dependent.
Define superpower use of development aid.
When a superpower gives development aid partly to advance its foreign policy goals, such as securing resources, alliances, or global influence.
How can aid extend a superpower’s sphere of influence?
Aid can tie recipients into economic, political or military alliances, encouraging policy alignment and support in IGOs like the UN.
Chinese aid to targets gold, while aid to targets oil and gas.
Chinese aid to Mali targets gold, while aid to Angola targets oil and gas.
True or False?
Aid can be used to gain votes in IGOs like the UN.
True.
Donor states may expect political support from recipients in international organisations, strengthening their geopolitical influence.
Define economic inequality.
Differences in income and wealth between individuals or groups within a country, often measured using indicators like the Gini coefficient.
What does a high Gini coefficient show?
A high Gini coefficient (close to 100) shows large income inequality, where income is concentrated among a smaller share of people.
In , aid-linked corruption and prestige projects have increased economic inequality.
In Bangladesh, aid-linked corruption and prestige projects have increased economic inequality.
Define non-military intervention.
The use of diplomatic, economic or peacekeeping actions instead of armed force to improve human rights, security and development in a country.
What are the three core principles of UN peacekeeping?
The three principles are consent of the parties, impartiality, and non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate.
How are UN peacekeeping missions funded and staffed?
The costs are shared among UN member states, and troops, police and civilians are contributed from countries worldwide to form the forces.
UN peacekeeping forces include troops, police and .
UN peacekeeping forces include troops, police and civilians.
True or False?
Non-intervention can sometimes cause worse consequences than military action.
True.
Doing nothing can worsen human rights abuses, poverty, political repression and environmental damage, as seen in Zimbabwe.
Define lack of military intervention.
When the international community chooses not to use military force, even where there are human rights abuses or severe underdevelopment.
Under Mugabe, opponents in Zimbabwe were , tortured and imprisoned.
Under Mugabe, opponents in Zimbabwe were attacked, tortured and imprisoned.
Name one social, one political and one environmental impact of non-intervention in Zimbabwe.
Social: high poverty and low life expectancy. Political: widespread corruption and repression. Environmental: severe deforestation linked to firewood and tobacco farming.
What are two major long-term costs of direct military intervention?
Direct intervention can cause large civilian casualties, refugee flows, and huge financial costs, as well as infrastructure damage and long-lasting instability.
Define sovereignty in the context of military intervention.
A state’s independent authority to govern its territory without external control, which can be undermined by foreign military intervention.
True or False?
Indirect military aid usually involves lower risk and cost than sending troops.
True.
Providing economic or military assistance without deploying large numbers of troops generally carries lower financial costs and fewer casualties.
The 2003 Iraq war cost about trillion dollars.
The 2003 Iraq war cost about 2 trillion dollars.
How did the Iraq invasion affect Iraq’s sovereignty and stability?
The US-led invasion undermined sovereignty, created a dependent government, and left a power vacuum that enabled Islamic State and ongoing conflict and human rights abuses.
Sign up to unlock flashcards
or