Human Rights (Edexcel A Level Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 9GE0
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Define Geneva Convention.
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Define Geneva Convention.
A set of four international treaties that regulate conduct in war and protect civilians, wounded soldiers, prisoners of war and medical staff.
Who is protected under the Geneva Convention during armed conflicts?
It protects civilians, wounded and shipwrecked soldiers, prisoners of war, and medical staff, hospitals and aid workers in warzones.
Name three actions banned by the Geneva Convention.
It bans torture, terrorism, taking hostages and sexual assault during armed conflicts.
True or False?
Almost every country has signed the Geneva Convention (1949).
True.
There are 196 signatories, including countries such as Russia, Iraq and North Korea.
The International Criminal Court tries people accused of and .
The International Criminal Court tries people accused of war crimes and genocide.
Why are war crimes difficult to prosecute under the Geneva Convention?
Successful prosecutions are rare because there is often little reliable evidence and few witnesses to crimes.
Define human rights.
The basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person, regardless of nationality, gender, age, ethnicity, religion, language or other status.
Define Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
A 1948 UN statement of intent listing 30 universal rights, used as a framework for foreign policy but not legally binding.
Give two examples of rights in the UDHR.
Examples include the right to life, freedom of opinion and expression, right to marry, and right to a nationality.
True or False?
All UN member states agreed to the UDHR in 1948.
False.
Countries such as South Africa and Saudi Arabia refused, mainly to protect apartheid and strict religious laws.
The UDHR has inspired more than international human rights .
The UDHR has inspired more than 80 international human rights treaties.
Define European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).
A 1953 Council of Europe treaty listing rights similar to the UDHR, enforced by the European Court of Human Rights.
What does the UK Human Rights Act 1998 do?
It incorporates the ECHR into UK law, lets people seek justice in British courts, and requires public bodies to respect these rights.
Define human rights.
Human rights are basic freedoms and protections that every person is entitled to, such as freedom of expression, fair trials and protection from abuse.
Why can prioritising economic development over human rights be problematic?
Prioritising economic development can encourage human rights abuses, such as child labour, poor working conditions and suppression of civil and political rights.
What did the UK’s Global Human Rights Sanctions Regulations 2020 allow?
They allowed the UK government to impose sanctions on foreign individuals, companies or states involved in serious human rights abuses.
The UK sanctioned over the war in .
The UK sanctioned Russia over the war in Ukraine.
has very high GDP per capita but restricts .
Singapore has very high GDP per capita but restricts political and civil rights.
What is meant by democratic freedom?
Democratic freedom is the ability of citizens to enjoy free elections, free speech and civil liberties, with limited government interference.
True or False?
China is classified as an authoritarian state, not a democracy.
True.
China is an authoritarian one-party state, led by the Chinese Communist Party, with limited elections, media freedom and free speech.
In a free country, people can exercise without government interference.
In a free country, people can exercise freedom of speech without government interference.
The global freedom map classifies states as , or .
The global freedom map classifies states as not free, partly free or free.
Define political corruption.
Political corruption is the misuse of public power or funds by officials for personal gain, often involving bribery, fraud or nepotism.
What does the Global Corruption Index (GCI) measure?
The GCI measures the risk and level of corruption and white-collar crime in 196 countries using multiple indicators.
True or False?
Higher GCI scores mean lower corruption risk.
False.
On the Global Corruption Index, a score of 0 means the lowest risk, while 100 means the highest risk of corruption.
Define universal human rights.
Human rights that apply to all people in all countries, regardless of nationality, gender, ethnicity, religion or social group.
Why do human rights often vary within countries?
Variations occur because minority groups such as ethnic minorities and women may face discrimination, exclusion from power and poorer access to services.
Post-colonial borders often ignored traditional and divisions, creating minority groups within states.
Post-colonial borders often ignored traditional ethnic and religious divisions, creating minority groups within states.
True or False?
Post-colonial governments always prioritised human rights over economic growth.
False.
Many post-colonial governments focused on economic growth, while human rights, especially for indigenous peoples, were neglected or restricted.
Under in South Africa, non-white groups faced systematic denial of basic .
Under Apartheid in South Africa, non-white groups faced systematic denial of basic human rights.
In Pakistan, common abuses of women’s rights include marriage and killings.
In Pakistan, common abuses of women’s rights include forced marriage and honour killings.
Define gender inequality.
Unequal rights, opportunities or treatment of people based on gender, often disadvantaging women and girls in education, work and politics.
Give two recent restrictions on women’s rights under the Taliban in Afghanistan.
Women must cover their faces in public and can only leave home with a male guardian, or they risk punishment and interrogation.
True or False?
IGOs such as the UN have supported women in Afghanistan since 2021.
True.
IGOs have provided life-saving services such as medical care to millions of Afghan women while advocating for their human rights.
In Australia, and Torres Strait Islanders campaign for the return of and cultural recognition.
In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders campaign for the return of land and cultural recognition.
Define social development.
Improvements in people’s quality of life, especially their health, education and standard of living.
How does a lack of human rights affect health and education?
Groups with fewer rights often receive less funding, poorer healthcare and schools, leading to worse health outcomes and lower educational attainment.
Native Americans in the USA have lower and higher deaths from than the wider population.
Native Americans in the USA have lower life expectancy and higher deaths from diabetes than the wider population.
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