Population Structure Variation (Edexcel A Level Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 9GE0
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Define place in geography.
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Cards in this collection (41)
Define place in geography.
A place is a part of geographical space where physical and human elements interact, shaped by environment, economic activities and internal and external connections.
What are the two main ways populations vary over time and space?
Populations vary in total numbers and in population structure (such as age, gender and ethnicity), and these patterns differ between places and time periods.
True or False?
The UK’s population growth is evenly spread across all regions.
False.
Growth is uneven, with London and the south-east growing rapidly, while regions like the north-east experience much slower population growth.
The UK has an ageing population because has increased and rates have fallen.
The UK has an ageing population because life expectancy has increased and death rates have fallen.
Define natural change in population.
Natural change is population change resulting from the difference between births and deaths, excluding the effects of migration.
What two processes together determine overall population change?
Overall population change is determined by natural change (births minus deaths) and net migration (immigrants minus emigrants).
How do high fertility and birth rates affect population structure, as in Niger?
They create large family sizes and a growing population with a high proportion of young dependents.
True or False?
High mortality rates lead to natural increase and rapid growth.
False.
High mortality rates cause natural decrease and can lead to a declining population, as seen in countries like Bulgaria.
If both natural change and net migration are positive, population growth will be .
If both natural change and net migration are positive, population growth will be dynamic.
Since the 1990s, _ _ to the UK has been the main reason for population growth.
Since the 1990s, migration to the UK has been the main reason for population growth.
Define rural-urban continuum.
The rural-urban continuum is the gradual spectrum of places from isolated rural areas through small towns to large urban conurbations.
How do population densities typically differ between rural and urban areas?
Rural areas usually have lower population densities, while urban areas have higher population densities due to greater concentration of people and activities.
Why do urban areas tend to have younger, more ethnically diverse populations?
Urban areas offer more jobs, education and services, attracting young adults and migrants, which increases youthfulness and ethnic diversity.
Remote rural areas often have more people and fewer people than urban areas.
Remote rural areas often have more older people and fewer younger people than urban areas.
The UK’s Green Belt policy aims to prevent by keeping land around major urban areas open.
The UK’s Green Belt policy aims to prevent urban sprawl by keeping land around major urban areas open.
Define social clustering.
The concentration of immigrant groups in particular neighbourhoods, often due to cheaper housing, job access and an existing supportive community with shared culture.
How do accessible cities increase cultural diversity in the UK?
Major cities offer more job opportunities and services, attracting international migrants, which increases ethnic and cultural diversity compared to remote rural areas.
Since 1995, free movement in the has led to UK international migrants .
Since 1995, free movement in the European Union has led to UK international migrants doubling.
Which UK region has received about half of international migrants and why?
Around half settled in the South East, especially London, due to high job availability, existing ethnic communities and good transport links.
Remote areas are usually culturally diverse because accessibility is harder.
Remote rural areas are usually less culturally diverse because accessibility is harder.
Name two types of jobs often filled by semi-skilled or unskilled migrants.
Roles such as refuse collection, construction, childcare and similar low-paid work are often filled by semi-skilled and unskilled migrants.
Define internal migration.
The movement of people within a country, such as from rural to urban areas, changing local population structures and cultural characteristics.
How do coastal areas in England differ in age structure?
Many coastal areas have higher proportions of elderly people, especially older women, because they are popular retirement destinations.
True or False?
Inner-city areas usually have more young male international migrants than suburbs.
True.
Inner cities offer more employment and services, so they attract more young male migrants, increasing ethnic diversity compared with suburbs.
Suburbs are dominated by households, while inner cities have more working-age people.
Suburbs are dominated by family households, while inner cities have more younger working-age people.
Define studentification.
The process where students concentrate in an area, turning family homes into HMOs and increasing student-focused services like discount shops and takeaways.
How can international migration change a place’s cultural characteristics?
It increases ethnic diversity, introduces new languages, religions, foods and shops, and can create distinct cultural districts, such as Chinatowns.
True or False?
Higher fertility rates in some migrant groups can alter local age structures.
True.
If migrant cultures favour larger families, fertility rates rise, increasing the proportion of children and young adults in the local population.
Define collective identity.
A collective identity is a shared sense of belonging and identity formed when people in a place share similar values, beliefs and ways of life.
How can migration change the identity of a place?
Migration can increase cultural diversity, introduce new beliefs, foods and traditions, and either strengthen or erode existing community identity and sense of belonging.
True or False?
Cultural erosion can increase racial tension in a community.
True.
Perceived cultural erosion can make some groups feel threatened, which may increase racial tension and conflict between different ethnic groups.
A strong place identity can be weakened if feel their community is being by new cultures.
A strong place identity can be weakened if locals feel their community is being eroded by new cultures.
How can industrial change affect community identity?
Closing old industries and opening new ones can create a divide between those with jobs and those unemployed, weakening community cohesion and identity.
Define transnational corporation (TNC).
A transnational corporation is a large company that operates in more than one country, often locating production or offices abroad to reduce costs and increase profit.
How has globalisation contributed to deindustrialisation in places like Liverpool?
Globalisation encouraged a global shift of manufacturing to countries with lower wages, causing factory closures, job losses and deindustrialisation in cities like Liverpool.
True or False?
International migration only changes the size, not the culture, of a population.
False.
International migration changes both demographics and culture, influencing local food, music, language and religion in the destination place.
Liverpool’s workforce became about smaller by 1990 compared to the 1970s due to .
Liverpool’s workforce became about 30% smaller by 1990 compared to the 1970s due to deindustrialisation.
Define perceived image of a place.
The perceived image is how people view or imagine a place, based on reputation, media, and personal experience, as positive or negative.
How can transport connections influence a place’s characteristics?
Good transport connections increase accessibility, attract businesses, migrants and tourists, and can make a place more economically dynamic and culturally diverse.
Improved infrastructure allows more people to work from home in .
Improved broadband and mobile infrastructure allows more people to work from home in rural areas.
True or False?
Counter-urbanisation can change rural village identity.
True.
Counter-urbanisation and growth of commuter villages can increase housing density, attract urban incomers and gradually erode traditional rural character.
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