A process of change and growth in which a country or society moves from one condition to another, usually towards better living standards and well-being .

What is GDP per capita used to show?

It shows average economic output per person , suggesting how high-earning and productive a population is, but it can hide income inequality and informal work.

The informal economy includes jobs that are and , such as much work in Uganda.

The informal economy includes jobs that are untaxed and unregulated , such as much work in Uganda.

Why is GDP per capita a limited development indicator?

It is a crude average that hides rich–poor gaps and ignores informal economies , so it does not fully reflect people’s real living conditions.

Define social development .

Improvement in health , education and overall human well-being , often measured by indicators like life expectancy , infant mortality and literacy rates .

What does the Happy Planet Index (HPI) measure?

A composite measure of sustainable well-being combining experienced well-being , life expectancy and ecological footprint per capita , without using direct wealth indicators.

True or False? Countries with the lowest HPI are usually among the least developed globally.

True. Low HPI scores tend to occur in countries with low human development , poor health outcomes and limited sustainable resource use .

Define human rights .

Legally protected basic rights and freedoms that every person should enjoy, such as dignity , fairness , equality , respect and independence .

According to Hans Rosling , which three main areas must future development improve?

He highlighted environmental quality , the health and life expectancy of the poorest , and human rights , including greater rights for women .

True or False? Economic growth can help achieve social goals of development.

True. Economic growth can fund healthcare and education , improving well-being , which in turn can further stimulate economic growth .

Define human capital .

The total skills, knowledge and abilities in a population, including economic , political , cultural and social skills that support development.

Investing in and increases human capital and supports economic and social development.

Investing in education and health increases human capital and supports economic and social development.

A state where people lack basic necessities for a decent life, such as secure employment , decent housing , a healthy diet and adequate healthcare .

Why can life expectancy differ by up to 10 years within Europe ?

Western European countries generally have higher healthcare spending , better living standards and healthier lifestyles than many Eastern European countries, increasing average life expectancy.

How do lifestyle choices affect health in developed countries?

High levels of smoking , alcohol consumption , obesity and diets rich in saturated fats increase risks of type 2 diabetes , cancer and heart disease.

True or False? Private healthcare systems always improve life expectancy for the poorest groups.

False. Where healthcare is mainly private , poorer people may struggle to afford treatment , reducing access and potentially lowering their life expectancy .

Developed societies are often between extreme and great .

Developed societies are often polarised between extreme poverty and great wealth .

Define life expectancy .

The average number of years a person is expected to live from birth, based on current mortality rates in a population.

How does poor healthcare limit life expectancy in developing countries?

Low GDP per capita restricts spending on vaccines , equipment and medical training , and people may travel long distances to reach urban healthcare .

What is food insecurity and how does it affect health?

Food insecurity is unreliable access to sufficient, nutritious food , causing malnutrition that weakens immunity, especially in children and pregnant women .

Lack of clean water in developing countries increases diseases such as .

Lack of clean water in developing countries increases waterborne diseases such as cholera .

Why do North African states usually rank higher on the HDI than central African states?

They typically have longer life expectancy and higher GDP per capita , improving their overall Human Development Index scores.

Define socio-economic status .

An individual’s or group’s position in society based on income , education , occupation and living conditions .

How does deindustrialisation affect health in some UK regions?

Deindustrialisation increases unemployment and low-paid manual work , leading to deprivation , poorer diets and lower life expectancy , especially in northern England.

True or False? Life expectancy is the same for all ethnic groups within Australia.

False. Aboriginal Australians have life expectancy about 10 years shorter than non-indigenous Australians due to poverty , poor housing and discrimination .

Women in England’s most areas live about years less than those in the least deprived areas.

Women in England’s most deprived areas live about 7.5 years less than those in the least deprived areas.

Define social development .

Improvements in health , education and living standards , leading to greater well-being , equality and human rights for a country\'s population.

How does economic development support social development ?

Higher income provides more tax revenue , allowing governments to invest in healthcare and education , improving people\'s well-being and creating a more skilled, productive workforce .

True or False? Authoritarian governments usually prioritise defence over health and education .

True. Authoritarian governments are run by elites , often allocate larger budgets to defence and security , and spend relatively less on education and healthcare .

A full stable democracy usually has a strong state and higher spending on and .

A full stable democracy usually has a strong welfare state and higher spending on education and healthcare .

How does a flawed democracy differ from a full democracy in social spending?

In a flawed democracy , elections may be rigged and economic development and infrastructure are prioritised, so citizens may pay more for healthcare and welfare .

Define International Governmental Organisation (IGO) .

An organisation made up of member states that cooperates on international issues , such as development , trade , finance , peace and human rights .

What key neo-liberal ideas do IGOs promote for development?

They promote free trade , capitalism , privatisation of state services and deregulation of financial markets to encourage investment and economic growth .

True or False? The World Bank only funds profit-making economic projects.

False. The World Bank also funds social projects like health and education , using low-interest loans , grants and zero-interest credits .

The WTO mainly aims to reduce to trade and promote trade between countries.

The WTO mainly aims to reduce barriers to trade and promote free trade between countries.

Why has the IMF been criticised in its lending?

It often attaches conditions such as privatisation , strict loan repayment and limits on social spending , which can reduce funds for health and education .

What was the overall aim of the MDGs ?

To promote social progress and fight poverty in developing countries, thereby reducing the development gap between developed and developing nations.

True or False? Progress towards the MDGs was equal in all regions.

False. Progress was uneven ; regions like Eastern Asia advanced quickly, while areas such as Sub-Saharan Africa often fell far short of the targets.

The SDGs replaced the MDGs in with goals to be achieved by .

The SDGs replaced the MDGs in 2015 with 17 goals to be achieved by 2030 .

Define Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) .

Seventeen UN goals to be achieved by 2030 , aiming to end poverty , protect the planet , tackle climate change and ensure prosperity and equality for all countries.

A LevelGeographyEdexcelFlashcardsHealth, Human Rights & InterventionHuman Development

Human Development (Edexcel A Level Geography): Flashcards

Exam code: 9GE0

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FrontConcepts of Human Development
Define development.

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Cards in this collection (41)

Define development.
A process of change and growth in which a country or society moves from one condition to another, usually towards better living standards and well-being.
What is GDP per capita used to show?
It shows average economic output per person, suggesting how high-earning and productive a population is, but it can hide income inequality and informal work.
The informal economy includes jobs that are and , such as much work in Uganda.
The informal economy includes jobs that are untaxed and unregulated, such as much work in Uganda.
Why is GDP per capita a limited development indicator?
It is a crude average that hides rich–poor gaps and ignores informal economies, so it does not fully reflect people’s real living conditions.
Define social development.
Improvement in health, education and overall human well-being, often measured by indicators like life expectancy, infant mortality and literacy rates.
What does the Happy Planet Index (HPI) measure?
A composite measure of sustainable well-being combining experienced well-being, life expectancy and ecological footprint per capita, without using direct wealth indicators.
Write the Happy Planet Index formula.
$H P I = \frac{e x p e r i e n c e d w e l l - b e i n g \times l i f e e x p e c t a n c y}{e c o l o g i c a l f o o t p r i n t p e r c a p i t a}$
- HPI: sustainable well-being (0–100)
- Ecological footprint: land area per person (global hectares)
True or False?
Countries with the lowest HPI are usually among the least developed globally.
True.
Low HPI scores tend to occur in countries with low human development, poor health outcomes and limited sustainable resource use.
Define human rights.
Legally protected basic rights and freedoms that every person should enjoy, such as dignity, fairness, equality, respect and independence.
According to Hans Rosling, which three main areas must future development improve?
He highlighted environmental quality, the health and life expectancy of the poorest, and human rights, including greater rights for women.
True or False?
Economic growth can help achieve social goals of development.
True.
Economic growth can fund healthcare and education, improving well-being, which in turn can further stimulate economic growth.
Define human capital.
The total skills, knowledge and abilities in a population, including economic, political, cultural and social skills that support development.
Investing in and increases human capital and supports economic and social development.
Investing in education and health increases human capital and supports economic and social development.
Define deprivation.
A state where people lack basic necessities for a decent life, such as secure employment, decent housing, a healthy diet and adequate healthcare.
Why can life expectancy differ by up to 10 years within Europe?
Western European countries generally have higher healthcare spending, better living standards and healthier lifestyles than many Eastern European countries, increasing average life expectancy.
How do lifestyle choices affect health in developed countries?
High levels of smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity and diets rich in saturated fats increase risks of type 2 diabetes, cancer and heart disease.
True or False?
Private healthcare systems always improve life expectancy for the poorest groups.
False.
Where healthcare is mainly private, poorer people may struggle to afford treatment, reducing access and potentially lowering their life expectancy.
Developed societies are often between extreme and great .
Developed societies are often polarised between extreme poverty and great wealth.
Define life expectancy.
The average number of years a person is expected to live from birth, based on current mortality rates in a population.
How does poor healthcare limit life expectancy in developing countries?
Low GDP per capita restricts spending on vaccines, equipment and medical training, and people may travel long distances to reach urban healthcare.
What is food insecurity and how does it affect health?
Food insecurity is unreliable access to sufficient, nutritious food, causing malnutrition that weakens immunity, especially in children and pregnant women.
Lack of clean water in developing countries increases diseases such as .
Lack of clean water in developing countries increases waterborne diseases such as cholera.
Why do North African states usually rank higher on the HDI than central African states?
They typically have longer life expectancy and higher GDP per capita, improving their overall Human Development Index scores.
Define socio-economic status.
An individual’s or group’s position in society based on income, education, occupation and living conditions.
How does deindustrialisation affect health in some UK regions?
Deindustrialisation increases unemployment and low-paid manual work, leading to deprivation, poorer diets and lower life expectancy, especially in northern England.
True or False?
Life expectancy is the same for all ethnic groups within Australia.
False.
Aboriginal Australians have life expectancy about 10 years shorter than non-indigenous Australians due to poverty, poor housing and discrimination.
Women in England’s most areas live about years less than those in the least deprived areas.
Women in England’s most deprived areas live about 7.5 years less than those in the least deprived areas.
Define social development.
Improvements in health, education and living standards, leading to greater well-being, equality and human rights for a country\'s population.
How does economic development support social development?
Higher income provides more tax revenue, allowing governments to invest in healthcare and education, improving people\'s well-being and creating a more skilled, productive workforce.
True or False?
Authoritarian governments usually prioritise defence over health and education.
True.
Authoritarian governments are run by elites, often allocate larger budgets to defence and security, and spend relatively less on education and healthcare.
A full stable democracy usually has a strong state and higher spending on and .
A full stable democracy usually has a strong welfare state and higher spending on education and healthcare.
How does a flawed democracy differ from a full democracy in social spending?
In a flawed democracy, elections may be rigged and economic development and infrastructure are prioritised, so citizens may pay more for healthcare and welfare.
Define International Governmental Organisation (IGO).
An organisation made up of member states that cooperates on international issues, such as development, trade, finance, peace and human rights.
What key neo-liberal ideas do IGOs promote for development?
They promote free trade, capitalism, privatisation of state services and deregulation of financial markets to encourage investment and economic growth.
True or False?
The World Bank only funds profit-making economic projects.
False.
The World Bank also funds social projects like health and education, using low-interest loans, grants and zero-interest credits.
The WTO mainly aims to reduce to trade and promote trade between countries.
The WTO mainly aims to reduce barriers to trade and promote free trade between countries.
Why has the IMF been criticised in its lending?
It often attaches conditions such as privatisation, strict loan repayment and limits on social spending, which can reduce funds for health and education.
What was the overall aim of the MDGs?
To promote social progress and fight poverty in developing countries, thereby reducing the development gap between developed and developing nations.
True or False?
Progress towards the MDGs was equal in all regions.
False.
Progress was uneven; regions like Eastern Asia advanced quickly, while areas such as Sub-Saharan Africa often fell far short of the targets.
The SDGs replaced the MDGs in with goals to be achieved by .
The SDGs replaced the MDGs in 2015 with 17 goals to be achieved by 2030.
Define Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Seventeen UN goals to be achieved by 2030, aiming to end poverty, protect the planet, tackle climate change and ensure prosperity and equality for all countries.

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