Demographic & Cultural Tensions (Edexcel A Level Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 9GE0
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Define international migration.
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Cards in this collection (43)
Define international migration.
The movement of people across national borders to live in another country for at least one year.
Which two main post‑colonial regions supplied migrants to the UK after 1950?
Main post‑colonial migrants came from the Indian sub‑continent and the West Indies, recruited to fill labour shortages after the Second World War.
True or False?
Most UK migrants since 1990 have arrived using EU free movement rules.
False.
Recent net migration has mostly involved non‑EU nationals, although EU free movement did allow large inflows, such as Polish migration after 2004.
Between 2004 and 2007, more than Poles migrated to the UK.
Between 2004 and 2007, more than 500,000 Poles migrated to the UK.
What proportion of England and Wales residents were born outside the UK in 2021?
In 2021, one in six residents of England and Wales were born outside the UK, about 10 million people.
In 2021, percent of residents born outside the UK were aged 26–64.
In 2021, 70 percent of residents born outside the UK were aged 26–64.
How does international immigration affect the UK’s population structure?
It drives population growth and lowers the average age, as many migrants are young workers, helping offset the UK’s ageing population.
Give two ways immigration has increased cultural diversity in the UK.
Immigration has diversified food (e.g. doner kebabs, bagels) and music (e.g. Jamaican‑influenced ska and grime), as well as sport and business.
The 1958 riots showed hostility to non‑white migrants in London.
The 1958 Notting Hill riots showed hostility to non‑white migrants in London.
What is meant by the UK’s North–South drift?
A long‑term internal migration of about three million workers moving from northern deindustrialised areas to more prosperous southern regions.
True or False?
Suburbanisation usually involves young workers moving into inner‑city flats.
False.
Suburbanisation mainly involves retired people and young families moving from inner‑city areas to quieter, more spacious suburbs.
Internal migration of mainly young, skilled people creates a average age in destination regions.
Internal migration of mainly young, skilled people creates a lower average age in destination regions.
Define rural international migration (in the UK context).
When overseas migrants choose to live or work in rural areas of the UK, often for agricultural or food‑processing jobs.
Why have many Eastern Europeans migrated to Boston, Lincolnshire?
They are attracted by plentiful agricultural jobs, higher wages than at home, and a lower rural cost of living, encouraging long‑term settlement.
Currently, % of Boston’s population were born outside the UK, mainly from Eastern Europe.
Currently, 24% of Boston’s population were born outside the UK, mainly from Eastern Europe.
Define cultural diversity in an urban area.
A mix of different ethnic and cultural groups living in the same urban space, each contributing distinct traditions, languages, and lifestyles.
Give two ways cultural diversity can change the urban built environment.
It can lead to new places of worship, ethnic restaurants, grocery stores, and traditional clothing shops, reshaping the appearance and functions of streets.
Rusholme’s Mile in Manchester is known for many South Asian restaurants and .
Rusholme’s Curry Mile in Manchester is known for many South Asian restaurants and supermarkets.
How has Southall’s urban landscape changed due to its Asian community?
Most shops and services cater to Indian and Pakistani residents, with numerous gurdwaras, mosques, and bilingual signs, reflecting the dominant Asian culture.
In Southall, tube station signs and a local radio station use the language.
In Southall, tube station signs and a local radio station use the Punjabi language.
Define ethnic segregation.
The spatial separation of different ethnic groups into distinct neighbourhoods or enclaves within a city.
Name one economic and one social factor influencing ethnic segregation.
Economic: differing income or employment levels. Social: language barriers, discrimination, or desire for community support from similar cultures.
True or False?
International migrants often form ethnic enclaves to feel supported and protected.
True.
Living near people with shared language, religion, and culture offers mutual support and can increase political influence locally.
Wealthy Russian oligarch families cluster in and Chelsea, while poorer Bangladeshis are concentrated in .
Wealthy Russian oligarch families cluster in Kensington and Chelsea, while poorer Bangladeshis are concentrated in Tower Hamlets.
Why is London attractive to wealthy Russian investors?
Rising property values, historically easier visa access, a stable pound, and access to UK banks and private schools attract them.
Define intergenerational experiences of migrants.
Differences in economic, social, and cultural experiences between first-generation migrants and their children or grandchildren living in the same country.
True or False?
All BAME groups fully assimilate and experience equal outcomes over generations.
False.
BAME groups are more likely to face unemployment, extreme poverty, poor health, and overcrowded housing than white groups.
BAME people are about as likely to be unemployed and more than as likely to experience extreme poverty as white people.
BAME people are about twice as likely to be unemployed and more than twice as likely to experience extreme poverty as white people.
Define lived experience of place.
The lived experience of place is how people personally perceive and feel about a place, shaped by daily life, changes and interactions.
How can dynamic places create both challenges and opportunities?
Because places constantly change, some groups gain new jobs, services or housing, while others face displacement, tension or loss of familiar environments.
Changes to land use in urban areas are often driven by .
Changes to land use in urban areas are often driven by competition for space.
Name two opportunities created by improving transport infrastructure.
Improved transport infrastructure can increase accessibility for residents and businesses and attract investment and employment along new or upgraded routes.
A key challenge of regeneration projects is , which can price locals out.
A key challenge of regeneration projects is gentrification, which can price locals out.
True or False?
Most UK residents live in urban areas.
True.
Around 85.5% of the UK population live in urban areas, which continue to expand for housing, services and employment.
Define cultural diversity in UK cities.
Cultural diversity is the presence of multiple ethnicities, cultures and religions in an area, influencing food, music, businesses and community life.
Why can increased diversity create tensions over living spaces?
Some long-term residents seek continuity, fear losing British culture or services, and may resent social clustering or rapid demographic change.
About of UK hate crimes are racially motivated.
About 70% of UK hate crimes are racially motivated.
What is meant by white flight?
White flight is when white residents move away from an area as ethnic minority populations increase, often due to perceived cultural or social change.
True or False?
Most Luton residents report poor community relations.
False.
Around 82% of Luton residents say they get on well, despite tensions linked to rapid migration and a small minority of extremists.
Define social exclusion.
Social exclusion is when individuals or groups are marginalised from society, with limited access to services, opportunities and decision-making.
In Glasgow, zones are classed as among the most deprived in Scotland.
In Glasgow, 331 zones are classed as among the most deprived in Scotland.
How can new faith buildings affect migrants’ lived experiences?
They can offer community, identity and services for migrants, but may also trigger hostility and tension, increasing feelings of social exclusion.
Why are tensions in Glasgow often higher in deprived areas?
High poverty and unemployment, especially among ethnic minorities, intensify perceptions of job competition and cultural threat, fuelling racism and exclusion.
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