Globalisation & Migration (Edexcel A Level Geography): Flashcards
Exam code: 9GE0
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Define international migration.
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Cards in this collection (38)
Define international migration.
International migration is the permanent or long-term movement of people across national borders, changing their country of usual residence. Tourism is not included.
Distinguish voluntary economic migrants from refugees.
Voluntary economic migrants choose to move for jobs and better living standards. Refugees flee due to war, persecution, or disaster, often fearing death.
True or False?
Tourism counts as international migration.
False.
Tourism is a temporary movement for leisure or business and is not classified as migration.
Migrants who apply for in a host country are known as while their case is decided.
Migrants who apply for asylum in a host country are known as asylum seekers while their case is decided.
What are push and pull factors in Lee's migration model?
Push factors are negative conditions at the origin encouraging people to leave. Pull factors are positive attractions at the destination encouraging people to move there.
Low-lying Pacific islands like and face sea-level rise, causing residents to migrate abroad.
Low-lying Pacific islands like Kiribati and Tuvalu face sea-level rise, causing residents to migrate abroad.
High costs, pressure, and strict controls are intervening obstacles to migration.
High travel costs, family pressure, and strict border controls are intervening obstacles to migration.
Define globalisation.
Globalisation is the process where people, places and economies become increasingly interconnected through trade, migration, communication, culture and finance across the world.
Name two ways globalisation has changed demand for labour.
It shifted manufacturing from high-wage to lower-wage countries and increased demand for urban workers in rapidly industrialising economies like China and India.
True or False?
Rural-urban migration can strengthen a core-periphery system.
True.
Rural-urban migration concentrates people, investment and resources in core regions, reinforcing a core-periphery system and causing uneven economic growth.
The movement of people and investment from the to the region is called the effect.
The movement of people and investment from the periphery to the core region is called the backwash effect.
What proportion of the world’s population are international migrants, and who forms most of them?
About 3% of the world’s population are international migrants. Around 66% of them are economic migrants.
Define migration policy.
A migration policy is a government’s set of rules and laws controlling who can enter, stay or work in a country and under what conditions.
Define free movement of labour.
The ability of workers to move between regions or countries to take up employment without needing visas, treating people as a mobile economic resource.
How can free movement of labour increase business profits?
Businesses can choose from more workers, often accepting lower wages, so labour costs fall and profits can rise.
True or False?
China allows unrestricted internal movement of workers.
False.
The Hukou system restricts internal migration by tying social benefits to a person’s registered hometown.
China’s records classify citizens and tie social benefits to their .
China’s Hukou records classify citizens and tie social benefits to their local government.
What is meant by China’s floating population?
Non-hukou migrants living away from their registered home, lacking full residency rights and access to services in cities.
Free movement of labour can cause a loss of talent from poorer regions, known as .
Free movement of labour can cause a loss of talent from poorer regions, known as brain drain.
Define economic migrant.
A person who moves primarily to improve their income, job opportunities or standard of living, rather than to escape war or persecution.
What did the 1948 British Nationality Act allow for colonial citizens?
It gave people from UK colonies the right to live and work in Britain, encouraging post-war migration such as the Windrush Generation.
True or False?
Forced migrants always choose freely to move.
False.
Forced migration happens when people have little or no choice, for example refugees fleeing war or disaster.
Migration caused by war, persecution or slavery is usually classed as migration.
Migration caused by war, persecution or slavery is usually classed as forced migration.
Define neoclassical economic theory of migration.
A theory that wage differences between regions create push–pull forces, moving workers from low-wage to higher-wage areas.
Define dual labour market theory.
The idea that developed economies create low-status, low-paid jobs that local workers avoid, so migrants are pulled in to fill them.
How does NELM explain household decisions to migrate?
NELM sees migration as a family strategy where one member migrates, spreads risk and sends remittances to improve the whole household’s finances.
Define economic migrant.
An economic migrant is a person who moves country primarily to improve their employment, income or living standards, rather than to escape conflict or persecution.
How can migration create political tensions in receiving countries?
Different perceptions of migrants’ economic, social, cultural and demographic impacts can polarise voters and parties, increasing support for anti‑immigration or nationalist politics.
True or False?
Most international migrants are economic migrants.
True.
About two‑thirds of the world’s 272 million international migrants move mainly for economic reasons such as work and higher wages.
Mexican migrants send home, which can fund better housing, healthcare and education.
Mexican migrants send remittances home, which can fund better housing, healthcare and education.
Give one cost and one benefit of Mexican migration for the USA.
A cost is pressure on low‑skilled wages and border enforcement spending. A benefit is cheap labour, with Mexican migrants contributing about 4% of US GDP.
Define assimilation in migration.
Assimilation is the process where migrants adopt the language, values and everyday practices of the host society, becoming less culturally distinct over time.
Why can multi‑ethnic cities show higher assimilation rates?
Existing cultural diversity, inter‑marriage and social mixing make it easier for newcomers to interact, share spaces and gradually adopt aspects of the host culture.
Centres of worship help anchor groups, supporting enclaves like Town.
Centres of worship help anchor diaspora groups, supporting enclaves like China Town.
True or False?
Speaking the local language can increase migrant assimilation.
True.
Local language skills help migrants access employment, education and community life, which strengthens social integration and identification with the host nation.
Define points‑based immigration system.
A points‑based system admits migrants who score enough points for factors like skills, qualifications, age and language, matching labour shortages in the destination country.
How do income and skills act as barriers to migration?
People with low income or limited skills/education may not meet visa requirements or afford travel, so they rely on irregular routes or remain unable to migrate.
In the EU, agreements like allow many workers to move freely between member states.
In the EU, agreements like Schengen allow many workers to move freely between member states.
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