Agricultural Origins & Diffusions (College Board AP® Human Geography): Flashcards
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Define hearths of domestication.
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Cards in this collection (36)
Define hearths of domestication.
Hearths are the areas of the world in which the initial domestication of crops and animals occurred.
What are the five main agricultural hearths?
The main agricultural hearths are Western India and Southwest Asia, Northern China, Ethiopia, Southern Mexico, and Northern Peru.
Where is settled farming said to have first emerged?
Settled farming is said to have first emerged in the Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia.
What features did the agricultural hearths have in common?
The hearths shared fertile soil in river valleys, abundant water, moderate climates, and collective social structures.
True or False?
The First Agricultural Revolution is also known as the Neolithic Revolution.
True.
The First Agricultural Revolution is also called the Neolithic Revolution, when people first domesticated plants and animals.
Define the Columbian Exchange.
The Columbian Exchange was the widespread, global movement of plants, animals, humans, and diseases between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas, launched by the voyages of Christopher Columbus.
Through what means did empires diffuse agriculture?
Empires diffused agriculture through travel, trade, and warfare.
Name three items that moved from the Americas to Africa and Europe in the Columbian Exchange.
Items that moved from the Americas included corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, cocoa, beans, and squash.
Name three items that diffused from Africa and Europe to the Americas.
Items that diffused to the Americas included horses, cows, pigs, chickens, rice, sugarcane, grapes, and coffee beans.
The included routes connecting lands between the Roman Empire and China.
The Silk Road included routes connecting lands between the Roman Empire and China.
What did the Neolithic Revolution allow larger groups of people to do?
The Neolithic Revolution allowed larger groups of people to live and settle in one place.
Name two social consequences of the Neolithic Revolution.
Consequences included job specialization and permanent human settlement, along with increased social divisions and the more rapid spread of disease.
Define the Second Agricultural Revolution.
The Second Agricultural Revolution was a period of sustained agricultural growth between the 17th and 19th centuries, particularly in Britain.
Which broader event did the end of the Second Agricultural Revolution coincide with?
The end of the Second Agricultural Revolution coincided with the Industrial Revolution.
Name three new technologies introduced during the Second Agricultural Revolution.
New technologies included the seed drill, the McCormick Reaper, and the cotton gin.
Define enclosure laws.
Enclosure laws restricted what had once been public land to private use, increasing the size of private farms.
Which transportation improvement sped up the distribution of agricultural products?
The steam engine resulted in faster and quicker distribution of agricultural products.
What did the food surplus of the Second Agricultural Revolution result in?
The food surplus resulted in better diets, longer life expectancies, and significant population growth.
How did the Second Agricultural Revolution change the number and size of farms?
It resulted in fewer farms that were larger and more productive.
Why did more people become available to work in factories?
An increased population and fewer people needed in agriculture meant more people were available to work in factories.
True or False?
The Second Agricultural Revolution contributed to urbanization.
True.
As population grew and fewer people worked in agriculture, more people moved to cities, driving urbanization and shifting demographics.
The Second Agricultural Revolution created a surplus of food, which resulted in better diets, longer life expectancies, and significant .
The Second Agricultural Revolution created a surplus of food, which resulted in better diets, longer life expectancies, and significant population growth.
Which new farming techniques became more widespread in this period?
New techniques such as crop rotation and systematic planting became more widespread.
What did the enclosure movement result in the emergence of?
The enclosure movement resulted in the emergence of commercial agriculture, with farms managed for profit.
Define the Green Revolution.
The Green Revolution was the spread of new technologies to less developed countries in the 1960s and 1970s, including high-yield seeds and chemical fertilizers.
What was the purpose of the Green Revolution?
The purpose of the Green Revolution was to reduce hunger and famine in the developing world.
Which two countries did the Green Revolution particularly affect?
The Green Revolution particularly affected India and Mexico.
What breeding technique was used to create high-yield plants?
The Green Revolution used hybridization to create high-yield plants.
Define hybrid plants.
Hybrid plants were bred to have superior characteristics, such as resistance to insects and shorter growing seasons that allowed for double cropping.
The Green Revolution was heavily dependent on chemical pesticides, herbicides, and .
The Green Revolution was heavily dependent on chemical pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers.
State one positive impact of the Green Revolution.
Higher yields resulted in less starvation and lower death rates, and more crops on the same land decreased food prices.
What did countries like Mexico and India become, rather than importers?
Countries like Mexico and India became net exporters of food due to increased production.
State one negative environmental impact of the Green Revolution.
Irrigation techniques often led to increased soil salinization, and chemical fertilizers and pesticides caused environmental damage.
Which region was largely not included in the Green Revolution?
LDCs in Africa were largely not included in the Green Revolution.
True or False?
The Green Revolution reduced the need for manual labor, meaning fewer women worked in agriculture.
True.
Less need for manual labor meant fewer women worked in agriculture as farming became more mechanized.
Why did some small farmers lose their farms during the Green Revolution?
The needed inputs, such as high-yield seeds, machinery, and chemicals, were sometimes too expensive for small farmers.
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