Cities & the Built Landscape (College Board AP® Human Geography): Flashcards
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- FrontDensity and Land Use
Define high-density housing.
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Cards in this collection (67)
Define high-density housing.
High-density housing is characterized by high-rise, multi-unit construction with a large number of people per unit of land.
Define low-density housing.
Low-density housing refers to single-family homes with significant space between them, found in suburbs and exurbs.
Define infilling.
Infilling is the building of new structures on land that is unused or underused, which increases the density of a city.
Define urban decline.
Urban decline refers to the neglect or decay that affects older areas of the central city as new areas grow.
Define urban growth.
Urban growth includes the expansion of cities outward, leading to new residential construction.
What type of housing is typical of medium-density construction?
Townhomes are typical of medium-density housing.
How does robust public transportation affect urban population density?
Robust public transportation means people live within commuting distance of the city center and increases population density in urban areas.
How does extensive highway construction affect urban development?
Extensive highway construction decentralizes urban development and leads to extensive suburbs with lower population density.
What do cities pursue to combat urban decline?
To combat urban decline, cities often pursue revitalization programs that repurpose vacant or under-used land and promote higher-density housing.
What does the way land is used in a city reflect about its society?
Land use reflects a society's larger cultural influences, norms, values, and traditions.
How do ethnic enclaves shape a neighborhood's land use?
Ethnic enclaves form based on cultural patterns and influence the type of housing and businesses found in the neighborhood.
According to theory, land near the city center is more expensive and scarce, which increases population density.
According to bid-rent theory, land near the city center is more expensive and scarce, which increases population density.
True or False?
Low-density housing is found in the central areas of cities.
False.
Low-density housing is found in suburbs and exurbs, while central areas of cities are characterized by high-density housing.
Define infrastructure.
Infrastructure refers to the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for society to function.
Define forward capital.
A forward capital is a national capital relocated to a new location with committed infrastructure, away from overcrowded urban areas.
Which two cities does the note give as examples of forward capitals?
New Cairo (Egypt) and Brasilia (Brazil) are examples of forward capitals.
Which types of infrastructure connect markets and facilitate trade?
Highways, ports, railways, and airports connect markets and facilitate trade.
What does reliable access to electricity support?
Reliable access to electricity supports industrial growth.
In developing countries, what does a lack of adequate infrastructure lead to?
In developing countries, a lack of adequate infrastructure leads to the development of squatter settlements on the outskirts of cities.
How do internet and communication networks benefit businesses?
Internet and communication networks allow businesses to operate globally.
What kind of areas attract industrial and economic development?
Areas with well-developed infrastructure attract industrial and economic development.
How does investment in education promote gender equality?
Investment in education promotes greater gender equality, as education opens opportunities for women.
How does access to clean water and sewerage systems improve public health?
Access to clean water and sewerage systems reduces disease.
What example does the note give of an urban entertainment hub?
Times Square in New York is given as an example of an entertainment hub that draws tourists, artists, and businesses.
Examples of infrastructure include roads, bridges, water systems, communication, and the .
Examples of infrastructure include roads, bridges, water systems, communication, and the electrical grid.
True or False?
Investment in education reduces poverty by opening access to better employment opportunities.
True.
Investment in education improves literacy and access to higher-paying jobs, reducing poverty through better employment opportunities.
Define greenbelt.
A greenbelt is an area of undeveloped land surrounding an urban area that preserves natural environments and prevents urban sprawl.
Define brownfield.
A brownfield is land previously used for industrial or transportation purposes that has since been abandoned.
Define smart growth.
Smart growth refers to movements to limit sprawl, control traffic congestion, and reverse inner-city decline.
Define new urbanism.
New urbanism promotes diverse, walkable, compact, mixed-use communities to reduce the land taken up by sprawl.
Define walkability.
Walkability is the idea that cities should be navigable by foot or bicycle and not require access to an automobile.
Define zoning.
Zoning is used to regulate how land can be used in a city.
Define inclusionary zoning.
Inclusionary zoning focuses on providing affordable housing to people with low to moderate incomes in urban areas.
Which level of government is responsible for zoning?
Local governments are responsible for zoning.
Which greenbelt example covers 516,000 hectares?
The Metropolitan Green Belt in London, UK covers 516,000 hectares.
When was the Greater Toronto Greenbelt established?
The Greater Toronto Greenbelt was established in 2005.
What example does the note give of a new urbanist development?
Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands is an example of a new urbanist development.
What are the four main types of zoning?
The four main types of zoning are residential, commercial, industrial, and mixed-use.
What is the goal of urban sustainability?
Urban sustainability aims to improve the social and economic living conditions of a city's population while limiting environmental degradation.
What does inclusionary zoning require developers to do?
Inclusionary zoning requires developers to include a percentage of affordable properties in new housing projects.
Benefits of mixed-use zoning include reduced commute times, a focus on walkability, and reduced urban .
Benefits of mixed-use zoning include reduced commute times, a focus on walkability, and reduced urban sprawl.
True or False?
Developers who comply with inclusionary zoning are often offered incentives such as tax breaks.
True.
Developers are often offered incentives such as tax breaks to include affordable properties in new housing projects.
Define urban design initiatives.
Urban design initiatives focus on creating cities that are sustainable, livable, and efficient.
How do urban design initiatives affect accessibility?
Urban design initiatives increase accessibility to transport, jobs, services, and recreation.
How do urban design initiatives affect traffic and travel time?
Urban design initiatives lead to less travel time and reduced traffic.
A benefit of urban design initiatives is less pollution and decreased use.
A benefit of urban design initiatives is less pollution and decreased energy use.
Urban design can revitalize urban landscapes, such as the redevelopment of .
Urban design can revitalize urban landscapes, such as the redevelopment of brownfields.
What effect do urban design initiatives have on parkland?
Urban design initiatives support the preservation and conservation of parkland.
True or False?
Urban design initiatives limit urban sprawl through the more efficient use of space.
True.
Urban design initiatives limit urban sprawl due to the increasingly efficient use of space.
How can urban design initiatives strengthen community?
Urban design initiatives increase the sense of community due to more regular use of the space.
What housing-related criticism is made of urban design initiatives?
A criticism of urban design initiatives is a lack of affordable housing in the city center.
Which social criticism of urban design involves the unofficial separation of groups?
De facto segregation is a criticism of urban design initiatives.
How can urban design initiatives negatively affect infrastructure?
Urban design initiatives can place strains on infrastructure due to increased urban populations.
What cultural criticism is made of urban design initiatives?
A cultural criticism is the loss of historical and distinctive character in urban areas.
Define quantitative data.
Quantitative data provides measurable data about cities, including changes in the composition and size of urban populations.
Define qualitative data.
Qualitative data tracks individual attitudes to urban life and its changes.
Define census tract.
A census tract is a small subdivision of a county used for collecting and analyzing demographic data.
What are the three common types of quantitative data about cities?
The three common types of quantitative data are demographic, economic, and environmental data.
What does demographic data measure?
Demographic data measures change in the size, composition, and distribution of urban populations.
Where does quantitative data about cities come from?
Quantitative data is provided by the census and other survey data.
How do urban planners and policymakers use census data?
Urban planners and policymakers use census data for infrastructure development and forecasting population trends.
What does qualitative data focus on?
Qualitative data focuses on experiences, perceptions, and attitudes towards urban issues.
What are the three common forms of qualitative data?
The three common forms of qualitative data are narratives, field studies, and case studies.
What are field studies as a form of qualitative data?
Field studies are observational research documenting social interactions in urban areas.
What questions does qualitative data help answer?
Qualitative data helps answer why changes occur and how they impact populations.
Economic quantitative data tracks employment rates and levels.
Economic quantitative data tracks employment rates and income levels.
True or False?
Qualitative data is easy to generalize across large areas.
False.
Qualitative data can be time-consuming, subjective, and harder to generalize across large areas.
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