Political Boundaries (College Board AP® Human Geography): Flashcards
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Define political boundary.
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Cards in this collection (41)
Define political boundary.
A political boundary marks the limits of a state's territory.
There are types of political boundaries.
There are six types of political boundaries.
Define relic boundary.
A relic boundary is a former boundary that no longer exists but still holds significance, usually economic or cultural.
What is a common example of a relic boundary?
The Berlin Wall, which divided East and West Germany before reunification, is an example of a relic boundary.
Define superimposed boundary.
A superimposed boundary is a boundary drawn by an outside power without attention to existing borders or social, cultural, or ethnic differences.
Which boundaries are a common example of superimposed boundaries?
The boundaries of African states drawn after the Berlin Conference are examples of superimposed boundaries.
Define subsequent boundary.
A subsequent boundary is a boundary drawn where people have already settled and established separate cultures.
Which states are a common example of subsequent boundaries?
The boundaries of most European states are examples of subsequent boundaries.
Define antecedent boundary.
An antecedent boundary is one drawn before many people live in an area and before the establishment of a cultural landscape.
True or False?
The border between the United States and Canada is a superimposed boundary.
False.
The United States–Canada border is an antecedent boundary, drawn before the area was widely settled.
Define geometric boundary.
A geometric boundary follows a straight line, often a line of latitude or longitude.
Define consequent boundary.
A consequent boundary is a type of subsequent boundary drawn to accommodate existing cultural, religious, or ethnic differences among a group of people.
Which border is a common example of a consequent boundary?
The boundary dividing India and Pakistan is an example of a consequent boundary.
Define defined boundary.
A defined boundary is established by a legal document, such as a treaty or a legal deed.
Define delimited boundary.
A delimited boundary is a border indicated by lines drawn on a map, such as county borders or voting districts.
Define demarcated boundary.
A demarcated boundary is identified by physical markers or barriers, such as a fence or a border wall.
What are the four main categories of boundary disputes?
The four categories of boundary disputes are definitional, locational, operational, and allocational.
Define definitional dispute.
A definitional dispute is a conflict over how to interpret the documents or maps that identify a boundary.
Define allocational dispute.
An allocational dispute is a conflict over natural resources that are divided by a border but may be used by both countries.
Which conflict over oil fields is an example of an allocational dispute?
The conflict between Iraq and Kuwait over access to oil fields is an example of an allocational dispute.
Define demilitarized zone.
A demilitarized zone is an area previously in conflict from which weapons and military forces have been removed.
Which border is an example of a demilitarized zone?
The border between North and South Korea is an example of a demilitarized zone.
Define UNCLOS.
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) regulates international maritime boundaries and resource allocation.
Under UNCLOS, the territorial sea extends nautical miles from the shore.
Under UNCLOS, the territorial sea extends 12 nautical miles from the shore.
How far does the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extend under UNCLOS?
The exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extends 200 nautical miles from the shore.
True or False?
Under UNCLOS, the contiguous zone extends from 12 to 24 nautical miles.
True.
Within the contiguous zone, from 12 to 24 nautical miles, states can enforce customs, tax, immigration, and pollution laws.
Define the Median-Line Principle.
The Median-Line Principle divides the distance in half when two states share waterways less than 24 nautical miles apart, splitting water rights equally between them.
What has China built on disputed islands in the South China Sea to expand its EEZ?
China has built military installations on disputed islands in the South China Sea to expand its exclusive economic zone.
How does creating nation-states such as Slovenia or Croatia affect national identity?
The creation of nation-states such as Slovenia or Croatia strengthens national identity by giving individual nations political control and sovereignty.
Define reapportionment.
Reapportionment is the process by which the number of national representatives assigned to each state is changed as a result of the census.
True or False?
Cracking concentrates an opposing party's voters into a single district.
False.
Cracking disperses voters across multiple districts to prevent a majority, while packing concentrates them in one district to dilute their influence.
Define gerrymandering.
Gerrymandering is the drawing of political districts to favor one political party over another.
Gerrymandering can be accomplished by either cracking or .
Gerrymandering can be accomplished by either cracking or packing.
Define cracking.
Cracking is the process of dispersing the opposing party's voters into multiple districts to prevent a majority in any one district.
Define packing.
Packing is the process by which one party's voters are concentrated in one district to dilute their influence.
What does gerrymandering create that can keep a party in power even when public opinion shifts?
Gerrymandering creates safe seats, which can keep a political party in power even when public opinion has shifted.
Define voting district.
A voting district is a defined geographical area that determines the location of voters and which representatives they are eligible to vote for.
Define internal boundaries.
Internal boundaries divide countries into smaller political units.
How can gerrymandering increase political power for minority populations?
Gerrymandering can create a minority-majority district, which maximizes a minority group's numbers in a district and increases their political power.
How often does the U.S. Constitution require a census?
The U.S. Constitution requires a census every ten years.
Define redistricting.
Redistricting occurs when district boundaries are redrawn by state governments, usually due to changes in population.
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