Diffusion (College Board AP® Human Geography): Flashcards
0Still learning
Know0
- FrontTypes of Diffusion
Define diffusion.
Was this flashcard helpful?
Cards in this collection (75)
Define diffusion.
Diffusion is the process by which cultural characteristics spread from their hearth to other locations over time.
Define relocation diffusion.
Relocation diffusion is the spread of cultural traits by people as they migrate from one location to another.
Define expansion diffusion.
Expansion diffusion is the spread of cultural traits without migration, relying on new people adopting the trait.
Define contagious diffusion.
Contagious diffusion occurs when a cultural trait spreads rapidly outward from its hearth through close contact with individuals.
Define hierarchical diffusion.
Hierarchical diffusion occurs when a trait spreads first among powerful or wealthy individuals in big cities and then down the social hierarchy to smaller locations.
Define stimulus diffusion.
Stimulus diffusion occurs when the underlying principle of a trait spreads but some characteristics change as it comes into contact with new cultures.
Which company is the note's example of stimulus diffusion?
McDonald's is the note's example of stimulus diffusion, because its menus adapt to local cultures.
Which company illustrates reverse hierarchical diffusion, starting in small-town Arkansas?
Walmart illustrates reverse hierarchical diffusion, as it started in a small town in Arkansas and spread to large cities.
What does the note give as an example of contagious diffusion?
Internet memes are an example of contagious diffusion, spreading from person to person regardless of socioeconomic status.
True or False?
Expansion diffusion requires the physical movement of people.
False.
Relocation diffusion relies on physical movement, whereas expansion diffusion spreads without migration.
The spread of Christianity to South America through European colonization is an example of diffusion.
The spread of Christianity to South America through European colonization is an example of relocation diffusion.
Which type of diffusion does Starbucks illustrate?
Starbucks illustrates hierarchical diffusion, spreading from a large city (Seattle) to smaller towns and rural areas.
Define reverse hierarchical diffusion.
Reverse hierarchical diffusion occurs when traits spread from a smaller location to a bigger one, or from lower-status individuals to higher-status ones.
True or False?
McDonald's serves an identical menu in every country.
False.
McDonald's adapts its menu to local cultures, which makes it an example of stimulus diffusion.
Define creolization.
Creolization is the process of mixing cultural traits between groups, primarily languages, resulting in new cultural forms.
Define a pidgin language.
A pidgin language is a mixture of two languages that does not function as the native language of any group, developing when two groups are in close contact but share no common lingua franca.
Define a creole language.
A creole is a language that began as a combination of two other languages and is spoken as the primary language of a group of people.
Define colonialism.
Colonialism is a form of imperialism in which one country establishes a settlement in land already developed by another group to impose its own political, economic, and cultural principles on that land.
Define neo-colonialism.
Neo-colonialism is the continued economic dominance of one country over another, especially of a former colonial power over a former colony.
Which creolized language combines French and several West African languages?
Haitian Creole combines French and several West African languages.
Which 1884 conference divided Africa into colonial territories with artificial borders?
The Berlin Conference of 1884 divided the African continent into colonial territories for European states, imposing artificial borders.
Which religion diffused to the Americas as a result of European colonization?
European colonization of the Americas led to the diffusion of Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism).
Tex-Mex food is given as an example of which process?
Tex-Mex food is an example of acculturation, as it combines Mexican and American flavors and ingredients.
Trade networks such as the Silk Road and the trade routes spread goods, religions, and technology.
Trade networks such as the Silk Road and the Indian Ocean trade routes spread goods, religions, and technology.
True or False?
A pidgin language is the native language of the group that speaks it.
False.
A pidgin language does not function as the native language of any group; a creole is the version spoken as a group's primary language.
What did colonization often create by artificially separating traditional ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups?
Colonization often created unstable borders that artificially separated traditional groups and continue to cause tension into the present day.
Define cultural convergence.
Cultural convergence is the process of cultures becoming more similar as interaction between them increases.
Define time-space convergence.
Time-space convergence is the decrease in the time required to travel or communicate between two places as a result of improvements in transportation and communication technologies.
Which three global cities does the note name as spreaders of cultural phenomena?
New York, London, and Tokyo spread cultural phenomena because of their influence on media, culture, economy, and social relationships.
Which language has emerged as the lingua franca of business and diplomacy worldwide?
English is the most commonly-used language in business and diplomacy around the world.
In which country is Mandarin, rather than English, the lingua franca?
Mandarin is the lingua franca within China, due to its size and position as a regional economic leader.
In what direction do urban cultural traits typically diffuse?
Urban cultural traits diffuse from large cities to small cities and from cities to surrounding regions.
The rapid spread of media usually diffuses from dominant locations at the expense of folk culture.
The rapid spread of media usually diffuses pop culture from dominant locations at the expense of folk culture.
True or False?
Time-space convergence increases the time required to travel between two places.
False.
Time-space convergence decreases the time required to travel or communicate between two places.
What are examples of cultural diffusion via the internet?
Netflix, Korean dramas, and memes are examples of cultural diffusion via the internet.
What effect has the spread of culture via the internet had on local and Indigenous languages?
The spread of culture via the internet has led to a decrease in the use of local and Indigenous languages.
Why do global cities function as hubs for cultural diffusion?
Global cities are hubs for cultural diffusion because many people from diverse backgrounds interact and exchange food, language, religion, ideas, and fashion.
True or False?
More people in India speak English as a second language than in China.
True.
Due to British colonization of India, significantly more people there speak English as a second language than in China.
Define language family.
A language family is a group of languages that share a common ancestor language.
Define dialect.
A dialect is a regional variation of a common language that includes some different vocabulary and pronunciations.
Define isogloss.
An isogloss is a boundary that separates regional language variations.
Define language extinction.
Language extinction occurs when a language is no longer spoken by anyone as their first language.
Which is the largest language family in the world?
The Indo-European language family is the largest, spoken as a first language by nearly half of the world's population.
To which branch of the Indo-European family does English belong?
English is a Germanic language within the Indo-European language family.
Which languages are the Romance languages within the Indo-European family?
The Romance languages are Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian.
The Roman Empire spread across much of Europe.
The Roman Empire spread Latin across much of Europe.
True or False?
Arabic was distributed across North Africa through trade.
False.
Arabic was distributed across North Africa through conquest, and across East Africa through trade.
How did Spanish, French, and English diffuse to the Americas?
Spanish, French, and English diffused to the Americas through colonization.
What can the loss or extinction of a language negatively impact?
The loss or extinction of a language can negatively impact group identity and cohesion.
Through which processes has the diffusion of language historically occurred?
Language diffusion has occurred through travel, trade, migration, and conquest.
Define religious hearth.
A religious hearth is a religion's point of origin, from which it diffuses.
Define universalizing religion.
A universalizing religion attempts to appeal to all people regardless of ethnicity or background and actively seeks converts.
Define ethnic religion.
An ethnic religion emphasizes the unique cultural traits of a single ethnic group and does not attempt to appeal to or convert a large audience.
Define pilgrimage.
A pilgrimage is a journey undertaken for religious purposes to a place considered holy to the believer.
Which three universalizing religions does the note name?
Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism are universalizing religions.
Which two ethnic religions does the note name?
Judaism and Hinduism are ethnic religions.
What is the religious hearth of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism?
South Asia is the religious hearth of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism.
What is the religious hearth of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam?
The Middle East is the religious hearth of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
The Hajj pilgrimage is undertaken to which holy city?
The Hajj pilgrimage is undertaken to Mecca and is an important part of the Muslim faith.
Ethnic religions tend to diffuse through diffusion.
Ethnic religions tend to diffuse through relocation diffusion.
True or False?
Ethnic religions actively seek to convert a large audience.
False.
Ethnic religions do not attempt to appeal to or convert a large audience; universalizing religions actively seek converts.
Through which two types of diffusion do universalizing religions spread?
Universalizing religions are diffused through contagious and relocation diffusion.
By which three means are religions spread from their hearths?
Religions are spread from their hearths via movement, trade, and conquest.
Define acculturation.
Acculturation is the adoption of elements of a different culture, generally the predominant one in a particular location.
Define assimilation.
Assimilation is the process of a person or group losing the cultural traits that made them distinct and adopting the predominant culture almost wholesale.
Define syncretism.
Syncretism is the blending of traits from two different cultures to form a new trait.
Define multiculturalism.
Multiculturalism is cultural diversity within a society in which various ethnic groups coexist without having to sacrifice their particular cultural traits.
Define cultural divergence.
Cultural divergence occurs when people leave or abandon certain elements of their culture.
Define cultural convergence.
Cultural convergence is the process of cultures becoming more similar as interaction increases.
Which process does Tex-Mex cuisine exemplify?
Tex-Mex cuisine is an example of acculturation, as it combines traditional Mexican recipes with American ingredients and flavor patterns.
Which process do Haitian Vodou and Santeria illustrate?
Haitian Vodou and Santeria illustrate syncretism, as both combine aspects of Roman Catholicism with West African religions.
What is an example of forced assimilation given in the note?
The placement of Native American children in boarding schools, where they were forced to speak English and wear non-traditional clothing, is an example of forced assimilation.
Causes of cultural convergence include colonization, telecommunications and technology, and global sports and .
Causes of cultural convergence include colonization, telecommunications and technology, and global sports and media.
True or False?
Under multiculturalism, ethnic groups must sacrifice their cultural traits to coexist.
False.
Multiculturalism allows ethnic groups to coexist without having to sacrifice their particular cultural traits.
What are the causes of cultural divergence?
Causes of cultural divergence include immigration, age, and physical barriers.
Sign up to unlock flashcards
or